What are the effects of the likely food security problems for society Essay - 1

What are the effects of the likely food security problems for society in these regions - Essay Example The crop production trends have also shown various concerns for experts in the present and in the future. Food sufficiency has not been attained, whereas obesity and malnourishment figures show that food is ill-proportioned in the population. Food security refers to the availability of food as well as the population’s access to it. The food that the population has access to, is also nutritious and is good enough to fulfill their dietary needs. If there is ample supply but the population has no access to it, essentially there are food security concerns for that area. Food scarcity in some parts of the world has led to extreme malnourishment and deformations in the human body; especially in many parts of Africa, where food security is major concern. Countries who are self-sufficient in food and claim their people have enough food security are also facing troubles in the hindsight; with increasing populations and needs, there is added pressure on the agricultural sector to ensure higher output levels which is some cases is resulting in price hikes and artificial irregularity in supplies. This is done to increase demand and subsequently increase the price suppliers can demand. Currently, Pakistan which is an agricultural country by economic definitions is facing similar issues due to over-empowered suppliers and feudalism ingrained in the agricultural sector. One of two regions chosen for the analysis of food security concerns in Asia and Pacific; invariably there is a growing concern amongst agriculturalists and experts regarding food security of the region. The two biggest populations of the world, India and China, are pressing for food security concerns. China and India are already hit by food security concerns as the population growth is surpassing their output production, leading to massive imports being made in the food department. A large chunk of population in the South Asian region and

Better Than Essay Essay Example for Free

Better Than Essay Essay Education is one of the most important factors that determine where we go and succeed in life. While private schools have a limited acceptance rate, public schools by law are to accept all children. Public schools have a larger variety of subjects available than most private schools. There are many reasons why public schools are better than private schools. Even though attending a private school may seem luxurious and prestigious, the reasons why most people choose public schools over private schools is because it saves money, education is guaranteed, offers a variety of programs, teaches students responsibility and independence, and prepares individuals to be critical thinkers. A reason why most people believe that public schools are better than private schools is because there is no cost for school tuition. Public schools allow free education, which enables everyone to have the equal opportunity to be educated. Instead of paying thousands of dollars on education in a private school, most parents choose to save that money to pay for their child’s college tuition. Attending a private school can be very costly, for example Oaks Christian’s school tuition is approximately $30,000 a year. The cost of attending that school is just about the same price as attending a college or a university. There are families who struggle with the economy and are put under difficult financial situations. This makes it difficult for the parents to pay for their child’s high school and college. This is one of the greatest advantages about public schools. The main purpose of public schools is to educate everyone. In 2001, the United States Congress reauthorized the No Child Left Behind Act. This act included Title 1, which is the government’s aid program for the disadvantaged students. This act makes sure that no child is left behind from education. The act also requires the state to develop assessments in basics skill that is given to each child in different grade levels. There are multiple families who come from different countries that place t heir child into a public school. The child cannot be denied the right of education due to law and obtains the equal rights of education just like  everyone else. While most private schools have certain requirements for a child to be accepted into the school, public schools ensure that every student is given education. There are multiple programs for all different types of students who attend a public school. There are programs for children with specials needs and disabilities, which allows them to have opportunities like others. Sparkles, which is a national special needs cheerleading program offered at most public schools, allows those who are disabled to feel like they belong and are a part of the student body. However, at private schools they offer a limited number of classes available that one can take, while public schools have a wide range of classes that one can choose from. A great thing about public schools is that they offer different level courses, which allows students to challenge themselves and discover what they are capable of doing by going the extra mile. While in school, kids with special needs and disabilities have the opportunity to have teachers who can work with them individually and help them grow as a student as well as an individual. There are a number of programs such as Data, Honors, IB and AP classes that are available to students who are interested in challenging themselves academically. Public schools deliver real world surroundings with an environment that is much more diverse. Students are more prepared and have a sense of adult life in a public school setting. Most private school classes are small, which gives each child the individual attention they need. From prior experience, a teacher at a private school gives much more attention to students than needed. The guidance that they give towards the students are not particularly helping, but preventing one from taking responsibility and retaining independence. Teachers at a private school have a closer watch on their students’ day to day actions and are concerned with how students should act in a certain way. In public schools, kids are left to distinguish on what is right and wrong. This helps students become more mature young adults and requires students to take responsibility for their own actions. In public schools, students are exposed to greater ideas that allow them to be more creative. Public schools help students figure out who they are as a person individually. While attending a private school, there are certain requirements and standards on how a student should be. There are more strict rules and regulations, which keeps students away from obtaining  outside knowledge. There is not a great amount of creativity and everyone is expected to act and behave a certain way in a private school. Religion is one of the huge aspects that shape the school’s view. Everyone is expected to follow and obtain the same beliefs, whereas a public school, it is based on your point of view. While parents are paying for their child to obtain a greater education with much needed help and care, it is also hurting the child academically from gaining their own knowledge and independence. Due to a public school class size compared to a private school, students have teachers who are constantly available to help and assist each individual. Compared to a public school class, students in a private school class are being spoon-fed by teachers, who attempt to help students succeed but are actually not enabling students to think on their own. Even though public schools have a substantial amount of students compared to private schools, this allows students to be more exposed to the school environment and to be more critical thinkers. Later in your adult life, it is up to you to make wise decisions. No one is going to tell you what is wrong and right. Public and private schools are very discrete from each other. In life, everyone is faced with various obstacles that require making right decisions with a great sense of responsibility. With the exposure to a diverse community and place of creativity, it will help prepare you towards your road to success and to become a critical thinker in the future. These are reasons to consider why attending a public school is so much better than a private school. It teaches you to have self-determination and to become a successful individual.

Open Fields :: Descriptive Memories Essays Papers

Open Fields When I think back to the days when I was a child, I think about all of my wonderful childhood memories. Often I wish to go back, back to that point in life when everything seemed simpler. Sometimes I think about it too much, knowing I cannot return. Yet, there is still one place I can count on to bring me back to that state of mind, my grandparents' house. There is something to be said about lying on one's back in an open field hour upon hour, staring up at a vast, blue sky. With no one around and not another house for miles, it is a great place to be alone, to listen. In the country, I can pick up all the wonderful sounds of nature commonly lost amidst the bustle of the city. The wind speaks as it blows across the land, whistling through the trees. Crickets rub their wings in song for anyone to hear. An unseen friend scurries beneath the fallen leaves, as an owl above questions who is there. Heading back towards the house, I soak in all the beauty of the surrounding landscape. There are towering groves of trees, creek beds lined with wildflowers emitting delightful fragrances, and sunsets that astound. Still, I walk cautiously. For all of nature’s beauty, trouble can still take form out here, whether it is running into a slithering snake or stumbling across a prickly thistle. Looking further into the distance, I spot the horses gracefully galloping along, their sleek manes dancing across their powerful bodies. As I pass the pond, I skip a stone across the water and I think about all the "real" stories the pond could tell of the ones that got away. Along side its banks I hear a familiar sound, as the bullfrogs' bellows lead the way for nightfall. The night will bring the cool country air, and with it the thick aroma of the wood-burning stoves. On some evenings, if I am lucky enough, some warm apple-butter jam may even be waiting for me back at the house. Now that I am older, I look for changes. I have grown to expect them. My grandparents will soon be gone, but the memories of the land they live on and I grew up on will always be with me.

Economic Report

In economics, we need to use terms a little more carefully than they are sometimes used in ordinary discussions. In general use, â€Å"Demand† is a word that can have more than one meaning, but in microeconomics we define it more carefully so that it has only one meaning. Here is the definition: Definition: Demand Demand is the relationship between price and quantity demanded for a particular good and service in particular circumstances. For each price the demand relationship tells the quantity the buyers want to buy at that corresponding price. The quantity the buyers want to buy at a particular price is called the Quantity Demanded. The key point is to distinguish between demand (the relationship) and quantity demanded. That distinction is important for microeconomics, although people often do not make it in ordinary discussion. Demand and Need To keep it simple, we may think of the buyers as consumers. (Later we will look at markets for inputs to production, in which the buyers are producers of other goods and services). Clearly, the buyers are the people who want or need the product or service — but there is more to it than that. The word â€Å"demand† refers to the willingness and ability of people to purchase the good or service in the market. The demand relationship expresses that willingness and ability for the whole range of prices. To say that a person has a demand for a particular product is to say that the person has money with which to buy and is willing to exchange the money for the good. People will not demand what they do not want or need, but a want or a need unbacked by purchasing power is not a demand. Similarly, it is not enough that the suppliers possess the good or (the capacity to perform) the service. Supply also means willingness to sell. Most of us have experience living in the market economic system, and that makes economics seem like a common-sense field — but sometimes that common-sense feel can be deceptive. People sometimes use the term â€Å"demand† ambiguously — as if â€Å"demand† were the same thing as need. But it is not. Need without purchasing power will not create effective demand in the marketplace. Economists sometimes stress this point by using the term â€Å"effective demand† in place of simple â€Å"demand.† As we have seen, economists think of the demand for a good or service as a relationship between the price of the good or service and the quantity demanded of that good or service. Common sense says that the relationship is an inverse one; that is, that an increase in price will result in a decrease in the quantity demanded. In this, common sense is absolutely right. The higher the price, the less quantity demanded, and conversely, the lower the price, the more quantity demanded. Many economics textbooks use examples based on hypothetical (made-up) numbers. There is nothing wrong with that and we shall use some of them later on. But why not use a real example? Several years ago, the author estimated the demand relationship for beer. Here is an example based on that estimate. The prices quoted are wholesale prices, in cents of 1972 purchasing power. Quantity demanded is measured in millions of gallons, for the United States as a whole.

Personal Imaginative Coursework – Conflict

Conflict Marion had always got on with Sinead, but I'd noticed that recently things hadn't been as peachy. She was in a room, her room, flicking through old magazines. It was starting to get dark and she hadn't yet shut the curtains. ‘Knock knock'. Silence. ‘Knock knock'. â€Å"Mum?† Creak. â€Å"Why's it so dark in here? I'm going out, I'll be back later.† â€Å"I said I'd meet Mary at seven.† Sinead went over and pulled the curtains shut, tutting as she did so. â€Å"Well you can't, I'm going out.† â€Å"I told you earlier, I can still go, we're seeing ‘The Fruit Picker', you know, the one with Bobby Clampton.† Marion sat down, tucking her skirt under her as she always did. â€Å"I don't think so, fruitcake. I don't want you to OK?† Sinead said, facing her daughter. â€Å"But you didn't tell me you were going out and I've already made plans.† â€Å"Enough. I've said no.† Sinead made an annoying emphasis on the word no with her hands like she usually did before she lost her temper. â€Å"Then tell me why.† Marion was starting to get impatient but didn't want Sinead to go into one, so tried to be rational. â€Å"Because I've said so.† â€Å"I have no problem in doing what you say as long as you give me a good reason, and so far I haven't seen one so I assume I'm still going out.† As she said this, Marion went over to Sinead, noticing a helicopter circling the sky outside. â€Å"The reason is that I want you to stay home in case your father rings.† â€Å"No it's not, you made that up. I'll be back around ten.† â€Å"You'll be here at ten because you won't be going out. Ever.† â€Å"What, even school?† she said sarkily. â€Å"Don't be a smart little cow. Yeah, even school.† â€Å"Don't be stupid. You can't be serious?† The worried expression on her face showed that calm composure wasn't the first thing on her mind at the moment. â€Å"I'm deadly serious. See you later.† Sinead left the door open as she left the room and a few seconds later let the front door slam. I knew she'd be OK, so I stayed with Marion. Marion punched the bed with anger and let out a few reluctant sobs. She stood up jerkily and banged her head against the wall a few times to gather her thoughts. She stood for a moment then I followed her out of the room. I waited at the top of the stairs while she went down. She came back up with a knife from the kitchen. We went back into her room. She sat down on the bed. As I stayed by the door I watched her pull up her sleeve. She put the knife to her wrist and winced. I wanted to do something but I was only there to watch. â€Å"That'll show her.† she muttered. She reached over to get a tissue and smeared some of the blood over the rest of her arm. â€Å"Run† BANG. BANG. â€Å"Now† BANG. The light was making him see in flashes, like strobing. The night was closing in on him but everything else was breaking up. As he turned the corner he tripped on a dustbin. Him and Mark had gone in opposite directions. â€Å"The Brits are on our tail.† â€Å"Down here† Voices from all directions were clouding his mind. The sirens were deafening. All he could do was think about his wife and daughter back home and know they'd be OK. It was quite a slow process as they dragged him, with a few of the others, into the back of the van, with the gunshots still roaring through the sky. Late at night, in the depths of the Irish countryside, a man knelt down beside his bed in a dorm, alongside many other men, some only boys, and prayed. Prayed that the Lord could give him strength to stand by his country and make him a martyr for freedom. But above all that the Lord might send someone to watch over his young wife and child in times when he could not be there. Because for him, knowing that God was watching over them meant knowing that they'd be safe even when he was too distant for his love to reach them. Many other men had prayed that night, for the next day was the day they'd first gone out and fought what would be the beginning of an even longer war. But O'Brien's was the prayer I heard and the prayer I answered. And when he was caught, then lined up and shot by a British Army Officer and it was my turn to move on, I couldn't help staying just a little longer to make sure Sinead and Marion got through it alright. A few hours later Marion was back with the magazines, the blood having crusted into a nice little scar. She heard a clunk from downstairs and quickly switched off the light and jumped into bed with her clothes still on. I went downstairs to check on Sinead. She'd got back later than she normally did. She took off her coat and hung it over the banister. She walked down the hall into the kitchen and put her keys down on the table. As she scanned the contents of the fridge, forest fruits gateau, cheese, orange juice, the phone started to ring. She shut the fridge door and picked it up after three rings. â€Å"Hello?† â€Å"Yes, that's me.† The person on the end of the receiver was too muffled for me to hear. Sinead began fiddling with the only ring on her fingers. She paled and her shoulders tensed up. Her breathing became shallow and her chest heaved. â€Å"I understand.† â€Å"No thank you, I'll be fine.† She put down the handset and lent on the worktop for support. She stood straight and walked through the hall and up the stairs trembling. I followed closely behind. â€Å"Can I come in, darlin'?† her voice didn't come out as intended, it sounded too high, false. The door opened away from us, and Marion stood, looking unusually small. Sinead walked through and sat on the bed, her eyes were sunken and red. Marion stayed by the door too. â€Å"Are you OK mum? Has something happened?† â€Å"Come over here, love.† She gestured by patting the space next to her. Marion walked slowly over, looking stiff and uncomfortable. â€Å"What is it?† she asked. Sinead didn't look her in the eye. She gestured again and Marion sat down. â€Å"I've just had a call from Mark. He had some news about your father.† As her eyes started pricking Marion wished she hadn't turned on the light before opening the door. â€Å"He was caught on a job and he's been, he's been killed.† Marion lifted up her arm to wipe her eye, â€Å"What on earth have you done to yourself?† Sinead's voice was trembling and cracking and her eyes shot with blood. â€Å"Nothing. I – I didn't mean to.† â€Å"Oh come here, my baby.† And she pulled her to her, and as they both sat there sobbing out loud, clutching each other, I went over and put my arms round them both, gently rocking them from side to side into the night, softly singing an old Irish song my mother used to sing to me: The Minstrel Boy to the war is gone In the ranks of death you will find him His father's sword he hath girded on And his wild harp slung behind him â€Å"Land of Song!† said the warrior bard â€Å"Tho' all the world betrays thee One sword, at least, they rights shall guard One faithful harp shall praise thee!† The Minstrel fell! But the foeman's chain Could not bring that proud soul under The harp he lov'd ne'er spoke again For he tore its chords asunder And said â€Å"No chains shall sully thee Thou soul of love and brav'ry! Thy songs were made for the pure and free, They shall never sound in slavery!†

5 Tips for Creating a Resume Filename -TheJobNetwork

5 Tips for Creating a Resume Filename -TheJobNetwork You think you have your hands full with your resume, your cover letter, your application in general. So it may be crazy to  realize that when a future employer downloads your files to read, you’re then competing not with other applicants’ resumes, etc., but with their resume filenames. It’s true! The game starts as soon as you hit â€Å"send.† Here’s how to make sure you have a good filename for your resume.1. Include Your NameIt seems silly titling a file with your name when it’s your file in the first place, but always title your job materials as though you were titling it from the recipient’s point of view. You leave out your name, and your file is likely to be lost in the shuffle. Plus, having your name directly in the file means your name is being seen, even when the file isn’t being accessed! Anytime the recipient opens that folder or looks for another file, there’s your name.2. Keep It SnappyYou don’t want a run-on filename. Keep it under 24 characters and spaces- plus the .doc extension. Many computers only show the first 24 characters, so avoid getting elided or truncated on their screen.3. Follow the RulesLetters and numbers are all fine, plus a few standard keyboard symbols (not / or .) You can (and should) capitalize where correct; that’s particularly useful if you have a long name and need to omit spaces to save space. You can also use dashes.4. Include the Word â€Å"Resume†Just as your name is important, so is the descriptor of the file itself. John-Smith-Resume won’t win any poetry awards, but it just might get the job done. Remember, you won’t get anywhere if you name your resume â€Å"Resume† without any other identifying features- like your name!5. Leave Out the Version NumbersYour future employer doesn’t need to know that this is Carol’s Resume version 4. A simple Carol Jane Resume.doc will do- and much more elegantly.Bonu s tip: Always save and convert your resume into PDF for each new job you apply to. That will ensure that your formatting remains the same on any machine. And makes it easier to archive which versions of your resume you sent to which employers when.

The Scarlet Letter †Symbol Analysis

The Scarlet Letter – Symbol Analysis Free Online Research Papers As the novel progresses, the scarlet letter changes from a symbol of sin and ignominy to a symbol of strength and benevolence, due to Hester’s actions in the community. When the scarlet letter first appears in chapter two, it is meant to be a symbol of Hester’s shame, and is supposed to make her feel abject. As Hester does charitable deeds throughout the book, it becomes a symbol of her compassion and sympathy. In the first scene, Hester was brought before a large throng of people to exhibit her shame and her child. On her chest, she wore the scarlet letter, the physical symbol of her sin. At this point, it served its intended purpose, which was to make Hester into an outcast, and to bring out the immorality of her actions. It also set an example for the rest of the community, showing them that they will also be scorned and punished if they commit adultery. Although Hester was supposed to feel remorse for her actions, she outwardly rebelled against her punishment by embroidering the letter beautifully with golden thread. This showed her fortitude and pride, even thought they were meant to be suppressed. In chapter seven, Hester visited the governor’s house to deliver the gloves that he had ordered and to plead her case for keeping Pearl. While she and Pearl were waiting for the governor, they examined the elaborate suit of armor in the main room of the house. Pearl observed that both the helmet and breastplate distorted the image of Hester, magnifying the scarlet letter to dominate her figure. This likeness is intended to symbolize how the rest of the community sees Hester: not for her as a person, but only for the letter and its significance. This shows how the letter has expanded from just representing her sin to representing Hester as a whole. Even though Hester was shunned by the community, she did a lot to give back to it. She donated food to and made clothing for those less fortunate than her. Hester was â€Å"so kind to the poor, so helpful to the sick, so comfortable to the afflicted,† (page 127). By chapter thirteen, members of the community began to reject the original meaning of the scarlet A, adulteress, and instead interpreted the letter to stand for Abel, â€Å"so strong was Hester Prynne, with a woman’s strength,† (page 127). This is because her outstanding community service led her to be considered an apotheosis of a model citizen, just as Abel was. This shows that Hesters actions were able to change the scarlet letters meaning as well as her status in the community. As they naturally do, rumors quickly spread about Hester and the scarlet letter. It was said that the letter had an effect similar to that of a cross around the neck of a nun: she could â€Å"walk securely amid all peril,† (page 127). This ability to walk among peril was implemented during her everyday life: just living in a Puritan community as a sinner was dangerous. An especially strange story arose that an arrow shot from the bow of a Native American struck the scarlet letter and fell harmlessly to the ground (page 127). In keeping with the basic trend of all rumors, they changed the way that many viewed Hester Prynne, even creating a mystical aura about her, which might lead people to believe that she was in league with the Black Man. This adds graver meanings to the scarlet letter: witchcraft and Satanism. â€Å"Be true! Be true! Be true! Show freely to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred!† (page 202). This relates directly to Mr. Dimmesdale, because he held his sins in and did not tell the truth. Because of this, he was forced to suffer inwardly for seven long years, in which his sin ate him alive from the inside. This led him to finally expose his sin, which allowed him to die peacefully. Although applied to Mr. Dimmesdale, it also shows in Hester. This is because she did not actually confess anything to the community, but instead Pearl came forth to allow the community to infer what Hester had done. It stresses the importance of being true, because, had Hester told the truth in the first place, she would not have had to suffer the scarlet letter for so many years. Even though Hester grew on the community, she was still considered an outcast. For example, during the procession, there was still a vacant bubble around her in the crowd because no one wanted to get too close to her. This changed however, later on, when Hester returned to Boston. The scarlet letter â€Å"ceased to be a stigma which attracted the world’s scorn and bitterness, and became†¦ looked upon with awe, yet reverence, too,† (page 204). In the end, the scarlet letter transforms to symbolize Hester’s entire life. Inscribed on her gravestone were the words â€Å"On a field, Sable, the letter A, Gules,† (page 205). This inscription shows that all she will be remembered for is the scarlet letter not her charity, not her community service, but the letter. The letter itself takes the lengthy journey from a symbol of sin, to that of charity, to that of remembrance. The letter is a conflicting symbol, but as Nathaniel Hawthorne himself was conflicted, it is to be expected. Research Papers on The Scarlet Letter - Symbol AnalysisThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCapital PunishmentComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is ArtAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

3 Examples of How Semicolons Strengthen a Sentence

3 Examples of How Semicolons Strengthen a Sentence 3 Examples of How Semicolons Strengthen a Sentence 3 Examples of How Semicolons Strengthen a Sentence By Mark Nichol Semicolons help clarify construction of sentences. Using the punctuation mark, employed as either a comma on steroids or a strategically flexible period, is usually just one of two or more possible solutions, but though it has a stuffy reputation and many writers are confused about its applications, it often is the best choice. 1. This issue is not cut and dried, it’s actually fairly complicated. This sentence demonstrates the simplest and perhaps most common error related to the role of the semicolon: the failure to use it when when needed in the weak-period function. This pair of independent clauses must be separated by a semicolon: â€Å"This issue is not cut and dried; it’s actually fairly complicated.† Replacing the comma with a dash or beginning a new sentence with it’s are alternative strategies, though the statement does not include a sharp break in thought (which a dash is intended to signal) and does not constitute two distinct ideas meriting separate sentences, so the semicolon is the most suitable solution. 2. For breakfast, he had eggs the way he liked them, over easy, bacon, locally raised, of course, toast, and coffee, which he always stirred exactly 10 times to blend in the milk. This sentence requires semicolons to clearly organize a rambling list of words and phrases that constitute a menu: â€Å"For breakfast, he had eggs the way he liked them, over easy; bacon, locally raised, of course; toast; and coffee, which he always stirred exactly 10 times to blend in the milk.† However, the preparation details can also be presented enclosed in parentheses, which renders semicolons unnecessary: â€Å"For breakfast, he had eggs the way he liked them (over easy), bacon (locally raised, of course), toast, and coffee (which he always stirred exactly 10 times to blend in the milk).† For consistency and to enhance sentence balance and rhythm, better yet, a corresponding detail about the toast should be inserted. 3. The act offers protection from lawsuits arising from monitoring information systems, including employee email, cyberthreat-related disclosures, and sharing of that information with other companies. This sentence requires semicolons because even though â€Å"including employee email† seems obviously related to the preceding phrase, the sentence can also be read as if employee email, cyberthreats-related disclosures, and sharing of that information with other companies are being offered as examples of information systems. Use the stronger punctuation mark in such sentences so that the sentence organization is unambiguous: â€Å"The act offers protection from lawsuits arising from monitoring information systems, including employee email; cyberthreat-related disclosures; and sharing of that information with other companies.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Structure A Story: The Eight-Point Arc5 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

Water pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Water pollution - Essay Example Water pollution The thesis will contend that water pollution comprises thermal pollution, industrial effluent and flooding (Agarwal,115). Though, there is solution for the prevention of problems such as making law for the control of water pollution or creating dams to control flooding among others. Industrial influent is the main cause of water pollution, since many factories releases the polluted water into the water bodies like rivers or lakes and pollutes the water in those sources. The water which are discharged from the industries to the water sources contains numerous chemicals such as acids, hydroxides and heavy metals like mercury which are detrimental to the aquatic life and water (Agarwal, 115). If polluted water is taken by human beings it can cause diseases like cancer, disrupt hormone typhoid fever, stomach ache suppression of the hormone system in swimming pool it causes skin rushes Also illegal discharge of the wastes from industries to which contains chemicals kill the nature lives i n lakes and rivers like crab, fish among others. Wastes from industries discharge into the water bodies contaminates water with chemicals and heavy metals like asbestos, petrochemicals and mercury which are very harmful when consumed with human beings or have the negative effects on the aquatic. When oil spills in water, from tankers or from the ships in seas or lakes also causes pollution in lakes and ocean. Since oil does not dissolve in water it forms a thick sludge on the water surface that prevents air circulation thereby causing the death of aquatic.

Iraq and the Security Challenges Facing the US Essay

Iraq and the Security Challenges Facing the US - Essay Example It's the 21st century, the world is modernizing, and superpowers are helping developing countries develop. The UN, composed f members from most f the countries f the world, was founded to promote peace, security, and economic development throughout the world. As one of, if not the only, current superpower, the United States has an obligation to spread democracy throughout the world, mainly Iraq, as stabilizing the country would bring stability to the volatile Middle-East. The deposition f Saddam Hussein would clear the space for the Iraqi people to establish a truly democratic government and serve as a beacon and inspiration for the spread f democracy throughout the Islamic world. Saddam Hussein massacred his people, the Kurds, and even his own family members, yet he was supposedly elected by 99% f the population. This is the result f a dictatorship government where the people have little to no say. By establishing a democracy in Iraq the people would be bestowed the gift f freedom. We all remember watching the people f Iraq proudly waving their purple-dyed fingers in triumph after voting in their first real elections. Iraqis would have a constitutional democracy in the Arab world, and Americans would have a partner for peace and moderation in the Middle East. The Bush Administration was well aware f these facts, and thus this acted as the motivation for invading Iraq. Some make the argument that by spreading democracy in Iraq, we are doing nothing but imposing a foreign belief on a nation uninterested in this alien form f government. To this it could be said that democracy takes different forms in different cultures, successful free societies are built on common foundations f rule f law, freedom f speech, freedom f assembly, a free economy, and freedom f worship. These are fundamental rights that any nation or population can appreciate. Additionally, according to the "Democratic Domino theory", if and when democracy is established in Iraq, it would spread beyond the nation's borders to the other undemocratic countries f the region, leading to a stable and free Middle East. As President Bush declared, "All Iraqis must have a voice in the new government, and all citizens must have their rights protected." It would be hypocritical f the United States to praise its successful democratic government, but do nothing to promote it in other countries. Thus the spread and establishment f democracy was an absolute real motivation for the invasion f Iraq. To some this argument is flawed. They claim all this was propaganda promoted by the Bush Administration and used as a front to sell the war to the nation. Others, such as the chief foreign columnist f the New York Times, Thomas Friedman, believe the opposite. In a July 16 column entitled "Winning the Real War", Friedman hails the formation f an Iraqi "governing council," handpicked by the US colonial administrator L. Paul Bremer, as the real "liberation" f Iraq,

Budget and Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Budget and Performance - Essay Example This strategy is not in line with the values of its current business. Keeping all things into consideration, Guillermo makes the budgets and evaluate variances and takes corrective measures when and where required in order to run its business smoothly and efficiently. Every single businessman wants his business to run smoothly without any hindrance. In Guillermo's scenario, he manipulated the figures in order to make the business attractive, which is unethical. From Guillermo's accounting decision perspective, he manipulated the sales; the variable cost per unit and unit sales in order to attract the outside companies, like making the figures attractive for the Norwegian company. So it is very important for Guillermo not to take and adopt unethical values in his decision making because may be very good in the short-run but can prove disastrous for the company in the long run (Garrison, 2004).

Discuss the impact on businesses throughout the world if the European Essay

Discuss the impact on businesses throughout the world if the European Union were to partially disintegrate - Essay Example Thus, the main themes of the study will primarily focus upon this broad factor. Additionally, the main parameter that will be addressed in this particular essay will broadly reflect upon the possible amount of impacts that can prove to provide certain advantages or disadvantages in the near future to global business. A Report on the European Union For centuries, Britain has been able to develop itself in an economic manner by way of being an outward looking and an open country. In today’s scenario, the economy holds a high level of worldwide integration. Great Britain is considered to collect annual revenue of US$386,463 million which puts the country in a very dominant position (Cable News Network, 2013). The UK is considered to be the world's fifth major exporter of services and goods and the country is able to attract considerable amount of foreign direct investment as compared to any other European nation. Besides, it has been studied that the European Union (EU) is one of the largest exporters, investor and importers in the world. It has also been realized that there are lots of broad prospects of exports in the years to come. The member states of the EU strongly believe in the concept of absorption of capital and its proper utilization in order to maximize return on investment (Guardian News and Media Limited, 2013). This aspect can only be made possible when a nation becomes fully engaged in different types of business activities. The EU member states are very well versed with the business concepts and are able to perform the broad functions of the business at large. The EU member states are also very much divergent in performing the broad business activities with other foreign countries. The countries in this broad region seem to inculcate its broad business activities in the most operational sectors such as agriculture, media and audio-visual, automotive industry, business related services, biotechnology, communication and chemicals to name a fe w. In addition, the EU comprises of various other broad businesses that result in increased amount of business activities (European Small Business Portal, n.d.). The EU has been able to achieve all round sustainability in the overall context of business along with development to a very large extent. For the purpose of fulfilment of the business objectives, it has also been able to provide various business opportunities to numerous countries. Greece, Spain and the UK are some of the few countries which have been benefitted by integrating their economy with other EU member states. These countries have been benefitted as they were provided with ample amount of opportunities to expand as an ideal nation in terms of business. Large volume of exports along with imports has been able to provide classified measures in order to develop itself as a strong business destination. In addition, the

Evaluation of structure and composition of early childhood narrative Essay

Evaluation of structure and composition of early childhood narrative - Essay Example 3 "Chinese children, generally speaking, include more narrative components,evaluative information, and temporal markers in their narratives over time.However, the growth patterns and rates of change for each child on eachnarrative measure vary (Chang,Chein Ju 2004,page 83-104)". All of these three criteria (narrative structure, evaluation, and temporality) are kept in mind when analysing the stories I have collected from children in the appropriate age range. This essay will employ the Labovian six part narrative model and Hoey's concept of problem-solution pattern to assess the texts. Appendix (1) shows examples of the concepts that will be employed and tested against the children's narrative. Not all of these elements are present in every story, but a majority of the Labovian model fits the narratives. Appendix (1): Labov's and Hoey's Approaches These two concepts will be used to test the data below. Fig. 1: Labov's six part model (Labov. William, Waletzky.J 1967) ABSTRACT- What happened in the beginning ORIENTATION- Who, where and when COMPLICATING ACTION- What happened EVALUATION- The high point RESOLUTION- What finally happened CODA- Final summary which brings listener and speaker back to the present time Fig. 2: Hoey's concept of predictable patterns Situation (optional) Problem Response OR Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation and Or Result Or Result Hypothesis My hypothesis is that as a child is introduced to... This study builds on many other works as the Labovian model is now frequently used to assess children's narratives, (Kernan, 1977; Eaton, Collis and Lewis, 1999). The idea of linguistic and narrative development in children is also a popular issue. One study that specifically charts the evolution of child narrative with age is Telling stories of experiences: Narrative development of young Chinese children a study by Chien-JuChang in which young Chinese children were visited in their homes at age three years and six months and then at three month intervals for the next nine months. This essay will employ the Labovian six part narrative model and Hoey's concept of problem-solution pattern to assess the texts. Appendix (1) shows examples of the concepts that will be employed and tested against the children's narrative. Not all of these elements are present in every story, but a majority of the Labovian model fits the narratives. My hypothesis is that as a child is introduced to more narrative texts, and comes to identify narrative components, that he or she will

Contributory Role of Richard Cantillon, A R J Turgot and Jean-Baptiste Essay

Contributory Role of Richard Cantillon, A R J Turgot and Jean-Baptiste Say Towards Austrian Economics - Essay Example It was in the early fifteenth century when a group of experts and their followers began to emphasize on the process of depicting and quantifying the human actions with the guidance of specific trends. These trends and the explanations of those were further described as theories. Notably, it was in this era that academicians observed human actions to be executed in a law as a reaction towards situational changes. These laws were found to be more apparent amid people when transacting with monetary values (Schulak & Unterkofler, 2011). Notably, the Austrian School can be recognized as one of the foundations of European economic schools of thought. The European schools of thought are often noted to be based on two contradictory dimensions among which one is the Austrian School and the other is the German Historical School (Taylor, 1980). Similar to other stream of theories focusing on the human characteristic and nature, the theoretical emulsion of Austrian School happened through variou s phases and stages presenting new challenges for the then economists to manipulate into comprehensive, structured and rationale methodologies. Certainly, the then economists were few of the early academicians with insignificant theories to develop relevant methodologies and thus had to depend on their understandings, perceptions and theoretical knowledge. Moreover, the economists during that time period considered the value of theories to be more relevant and beneficial than referring to the historical courses. This led to numerous contradictory view points as concluded by the then economists and thus rendered a mixed and widely diverse explanation of the economic activities. It is in this context that modern economists grew conscious regarding the need of a generally accepted framework to theoretically describe the economic methodologies, lack of which can result to similar contradictions as was noticed in the case of Austrian School. It is quite noteworthy in this context that th e challenges faced by Austrian economists during the development phases of Austrian School was far more greater than the challenges faced by contemporary economists with due consideration to the then economic philosophy. Furthermore, it is due to this reason that the contribution of economists in developing the Austrian School was recognized to be inevitable and highly appreciable (Gloria & Palarmo, 1999). However, only a handful of economists consider themselves as a part of Austrian School providing larger focus on the criticism of the methodologies presented by Austrian economists (Holcombe, 1999). The relationship existing between the contemporary economic values and traditional economic values with regards to Austrian School tends to be quite distinct. As was noted by Holcombe (1999), even though the modern economics methodologies tend to criticize the Austrian School from various perspectives considering its applications in the academic as well as in public policy making, the contemporary beliefs and theories are becoming increasingly similar to that of the Austrian School. However, it is certainly neither with due consideration nor as a result of the influence perceived by the Austrian economists. It is also not due to the changes occurred in the Austrian School. From an in-depth point of view, the inclination of modern economics towards Austrian School can be observed as the changes occurring in the contemporary economic methodologies. In other words, the perspective of modern economists are emerging to be more similar to the methodologies presented in the Austrian School but in a complex and furthermore in a practical manner (Holcombe, 1999). Multiple researches can be obtained

Evaluation of structure and composition of early childhood narrative Essay

Evaluation of structure and composition of early childhood narrative - Essay Example 3 "Chinese children, generally speaking, include more narrative components,evaluative information, and temporal markers in their narratives over time.However, the growth patterns and rates of change for each child on eachnarrative measure vary (Chang,Chein Ju 2004,page 83-104)". All of these three criteria (narrative structure, evaluation, and temporality) are kept in mind when analysing the stories I have collected from children in the appropriate age range. This essay will employ the Labovian six part narrative model and Hoey's concept of problem-solution pattern to assess the texts. Appendix (1) shows examples of the concepts that will be employed and tested against the children's narrative. Not all of these elements are present in every story, but a majority of the Labovian model fits the narratives. Appendix (1): Labov's and Hoey's Approaches These two concepts will be used to test the data below. Fig. 1: Labov's six part model (Labov. William, Waletzky.J 1967) ABSTRACT- What happened in the beginning ORIENTATION- Who, where and when COMPLICATING ACTION- What happened EVALUATION- The high point RESOLUTION- What finally happened CODA- Final summary which brings listener and speaker back to the present time Fig. 2: Hoey's concept of predictable patterns Situation (optional) Problem Response OR Negative Evaluation Positive Evaluation and Or Result Or Result Hypothesis My hypothesis is that as a child is introduced to... This study builds on many other works as the Labovian model is now frequently used to assess children's narratives, (Kernan, 1977; Eaton, Collis and Lewis, 1999). The idea of linguistic and narrative development in children is also a popular issue. One study that specifically charts the evolution of child narrative with age is Telling stories of experiences: Narrative development of young Chinese children a study by Chien-JuChang in which young Chinese children were visited in their homes at age three years and six months and then at three month intervals for the next nine months. This essay will employ the Labovian six part narrative model and Hoey's concept of problem-solution pattern to assess the texts. Appendix (1) shows examples of the concepts that will be employed and tested against the children's narrative. Not all of these elements are present in every story, but a majority of the Labovian model fits the narratives. My hypothesis is that as a child is introduced to more narrative texts, and comes to identify narrative components, that he or she will

A topic on software testing Thesis Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

A topic on software testing - Thesis Proposal Example Modern systems and products are largely based on ‘embedded systems’ to facilitate control, action and enhanced functionality. In fact, embedded systems used in these scenarios comprise both hardware and software components that work in a highly customized framework to achieve a specific workflow or operation. Although embedded systems are sophisticated computers, they seldom share or provide a similar interface like PCs and are capable of providing a highly dedicated and distinct functionality based on their structure and configuration.A typical application of embedded systems is in precision-driven measurement and control systems, wherein a particular process or parameter such as temperature is constantly monitored and measured through sensors, converted and delivered as a stream of digital signals and processed to modulate the regulation of the underlying process (heat controlled according to predefined constraints). Embedded systems are also in vehicles to measure car bon emissions through a sensory arrangement and processed through a feedback controller network to store and monitor the condition of the engine (Rajski and Tyszer). Over the past few decades, embedded systems have become integral parts of every notable electronic system including safety-critical components. For instance, embedded systems are used to control sensitive and critical functions such as aircraft navigation and ensure failsafe availability of financial networks.

Child Life During the American Revolution Essay Example for Free

Child Life During the American Revolution Essay During the American Revolution, children were not a big involvement in it, but, they were still active during it. Well, during this time, there was not really a good schools system for children. Boys were usually out working a job or going to school. They did most of the money work out of all the children. Also, while the boys were working, the girls were at home learning proper etiquette from their mother or a house slave. Girls were taught to be very lady-like during all hours. It was very rare to see a girls go to school getting a proper education. Lastly, some of the older boys were out fighting in the Revolutionary War. Boys would do war work at a young age back then. One thing that boys did during the American Revolution is go to school and get jobs. Their type of school system during the American Revolution was not like our school system today. In the late 1700s weren’t as structured, settled, and complicated. At the schools the boys went to they learn mostly about Christianity and how to read and write. Boys went to grammar school and college. There was a public school that was free for education and then there was a private school that you have to pay. People in the Middle Class and Upper Class were usually the only class of people that attended school. Back then, school wasn’t mandatory. If a boy wasn’t in school he would usually be working. It was usually a low paying job because money was limited during the American Revolution. There are very few jobs that a boy (not a man) can get during the American Revolution. One of the only jobs a boy could get is a place in the war. As in, they’d be participating in the Revolutionary War. One thing that girls did during the American Revolution is staying at home learning proper etiquette. They’d usually learn this from their mother. If they were in a household where slaves were treated respectably and knew how to read and write, (for example, how Miss Mary Finch treated Isabel and her family in the book Chains by Laurie Halse Anderson) then sometimes an elderly house slave would teach her while her mom is gone. Sometimes when a family doesn’t own a slave they stay home and clean, usually. It was very rare for a girl to have a proper education in this period of time. Girls were not allowed in in grammar school or college, but most girls still knew how to read and write. I a girl waned to have an education whatsoever she would have to attend a homeschooled education. Homeschooled girls were not educated at the same level the boys that went to school were. The girls were taught religion too, but, hey were only taught simple math and simple English. They weren’t really taught anything complicated. Lastly, a common job that a boy would get during the American Revolution is going into the Revolutionary War. Though most of the men fighting in the war were from the ages 8 to 50 or 60, there were boys that were 12 at the youngest. The actually had a pretty important job in the war. Most of the 12, 13, and 14 year olds were â€Å"drummer boys†. The drummer boys made â€Å"field music† for the soldiers. The drums were an important means of conveying orders to the soldiers on the battlefield. Some children were â€Å"powder monkeys†. â€Å"Powder moneys† are the people whose job was to run and carry powder charges from the lower ship below the waterline to the gun crews shooting the cannons during the battles. The older kids (about 15 or 16) went out to sea as midshipmen. A midshipman is a navel cadet. As you can see, children weren’t handed that many opportunities during this period of time. There weren’t children out playing with their friends, going to the movies, etc. They were very limited to what they could do. Boys could, really, only go to school or get a job. Girls just stayed home and rarely go a proper education. Also, boys could join he war. The child life during the American Revolution was very limited.

Critiquing A Research Article Qualitative Nursing Essay

Critiquing A Research Article Qualitative Nursing Essay The problem being researched in the article is significant in nursing since it identifies the process, stressors and adjustment strategies of a novice nurse transforming into an expert nurse. This research could assist in developing new policies on institutional level to allow new graduates adjustment in their roles. The author has linked the significance of the research to increased turnover of new graduates in the hospitals in the general world. No specific turnover rates have been mentioned, however, the author has linked the transition difficulty faced by the novice nurses as the main idea behind the research. The author of this article has explicitly explained the purpose of the study as the transitional experiences from a student to a staff nurseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..and generate theory. The problem statement or the research statement is written as the study established the needs of the new graduates and identified strategies to facilitate the process of the role transition (pg E1) . The theory which has been generated from this research could be used as a framework by institutes to plan out strategies of retention and growth of their new employees. The limitations have been stated in the discussion part last paragraph as forgotten experiences of the participants and feeling of social constraints. The assumptions have not been listed however, it could be inferred that all the participants were present throughout the study and data saturation was also achieved. Review of the Literature The literature review is significant and relevant to the study been conducted. An extensive literature search has been done for categories that have been formulated during the research. The citations documented in the literature review are clear, complete and current as greater part of the references have been taken between the years 1974 2001. It can be deduced that the literature review is not within the last five years, however, it can be considered that there was a long time gap between the year of research conduction and the publication of the article. On the contrary, no literature review of previous researches of the same topic and gap analysis has been mentioned in the article. The literature is logical, relevant but the comprehensiveness is lacking. The author has, on many instances, linked the study categories with the previous literature categories, for example, the author has linked the first theme of Getting on Board with the a previous research theme by Evans (2001) of period of uncertainty. The literature has been paraphrased and no quotes have been mentioned. The literature review has posed many research questions: what are the coping strategies employed by novice nurses to deal with the transition phase; the strategies are employed by institutions to help new recruits adjustment. Along with this, the author has also mentioned a research aspect of impact of nurse spirituality on patient care in the article. Theoretical/Conceptual framework The article does not mention any usage of a theoretical framework for the research. Theory and research have a reciprocal role towards each other, theory forms the baseline to conduct a research and research is useful to test a theory in different contexts (Polit Beck, 2001 pg 145). Multiple nursing theoretical frameworks are available; however, the most suitable for this research is the theory of Patricia Benner which identifies the qualities of nurse undergoing the stages from novice to competent (article). It also recognizes the difficulties that a nurse has to undergo in order to progress from one stage to another; this theory would have been helpful in analyzing the data and identifying the core categories and themes. Population and Sampling The target population has been described as the recent graduates from the diploma program of the private hospital with a job experience between 6 12 months working in ICU, medical and surgical ward (pg E1). The sampling size has not been mentioned explicitly mentioned in the article, however, in one of the quotes the author mentions Six of the seven staff nurses (pg E3), it can be deduced that the study sample size was seven. According to Polit Beck, a sample size of 20 to 30 participants is required to conduct a grounded theory (pg 358). The author does not significantly mentions the variations in the participants such as age, biological gender, and it does not mention the number of participants selected from each area of the hospital. No method of sample selection has been mentioned but according to Polit and Beck (2001), Glaser (1976) has identified theoretical sampling as a suitable method specifically for grounded theory (pg 356). This sampling technique selects participants o n an ongoing basis as the researcher understands the area of interest and develops categories and themes (pg 356 -357). The sampling size could have been increased by including participants from emergency department, oncology ward and clinic areas. The demand characteristics of participants namely good participant, the negative participant, faithful participant and apprehensive participant have not been mentioned. Along with this no information of Hawthorne effect which defines the effect on dependant variables due to the participants knowledge of being under study has not been mentioned (Polit Beck pg 755). The article does not specify the negative or discrepant participant of the study. Research Design A grounded theory approach has been used as a research design for this study. A grounded theory is the evolution of a theory from the data collected and analyzed (polit beck, 2001). It has indeed played a significant role in developing many nursing theories which are nowadays acting as a framework for many researches. It was developed by Glasser and Strauss in 1960 and functions with the development of categories and themes which are substantive from the original data collected (Polit Beck, pg 230). The grounded theory approach is appropriate for this study design, however, phenomenological approach could also be used as this study explores the human life experiences and their relation to the environment (Polit Beck, pg 227). The author has provided immense information in the form of categories and themes for the study replication but no specific permission has been provided. Data Collection Formal unstructured interviews of 50 to 90 minutes have been tape recorded and transcribed as a method of data collection. Moreover, separate notes have also been used to record the expressions and behavioral changes of the participants. No rationale have been provided for data collection strategies but in grounded theory, according to Polit Beck (2001) in depth interviews and observation are important data collection strategies (pg 230) along with documents and other data sources. These methods are congruent with the research question. Protection of Human Rights There is no mention of the study undergoing a ethical review board or committee, however, the article signifies the usage of informed consent (Polit Beck, pg 176) from the participants. The participation has been based on voluntary basis which denotes the use of the principle of self determination (Polit Beck pg 171). The author also fails to provide evidence of deception from the participation. Furthermore, there is no mention of appropriate time given by participants for the study data collection. The researcher has provided codes to maintain confidentiality and privacy (Polit Beck, pg 174) of the participants. The article does not explicitly mentions the implementation of the principal of beneficence (Polit Beck, pg 170) but it could be assumed that has been minimum risk to the participants. Analysis Data according to the article has been analyzed using comparative analysis which denotes the comparison of one interview with other interviews to identify commonalities (Polit Beck, pg 523). The researcher has utilized the Glasserian grounded theory approach where the data is conceptualized in substantive codes which are interlinked via theoretical codes (Polit Beck, pg 523). The author via open coding (Polit Beck, pg 523) has identified the core category of sailing forward as the central concept which has dominated all the themes. Selective coding is the second step where the researcher establishes relationships between the main core category and the sub-categories (Polit Beck, pg 527). Theoretical codes as per Polit Beck are very powerful because they provide a lot of abstract meaning necessary for grounded theory approach (pg 523). According to the article, the separate notes were verified from the participants for the clarification of the meaning. The data analysis strategy utilized by the researcher fits the research problem as it develops a core category which is surrounded by themes or sub-categories. The categories established have been supported by raw data which has been written in the form of quotations in the article further emphasizing the themes formulated. The explanations provided are reasonable and coherent with the quotes thus increasing the authenticity of the study. Rigor The data collected in the research has been audio taped and individual codes have been provided to each interview. Moreover, separate notes were also used as a strategy for the data collection strategy. Rigor in a qualitative research is based on 4 criterias: credibility, transferability, dependability and neutrality (Krefting, 1990). Though the researcher does not mention that a prolonged time has been spent with the participants but the study participants were re-approached for verification of observation notes and transcribed material indicating that the author has spent a lot of time with the participants increasing the credibility (Krefting, 1990) of the study. The article has two authors but there has been no mention of the method of division of the data analysis; which denotes that a combined effort was made without any interruptions. The article does not specify authors efforts to control the discrepant material and participant thus it could be assumed that the study has the element of neutrality and does not have biasness or socially affected perspectives of the participants and researcher (Krefting, 1990). The researcher does not mention her own perspective which can be taken positively as an aspect to reduce biasness and increase the trustworthiness of the study. The consistency of the study has been strengthened by the narration of quotes and literature support of the emerging themes which clearly shows that if the study is replicated then similar themes would appear. Conclusion and Recommendations The author has identified the state of confusion, anxiety and happiness as initial emotions of the new graduates; guidance as the need of the new recruits and use of senior observations, CNI facilitation and peer aid as the major support systems in their initial adjustment phase. Thus the author has been able to analyze the data in accordance to the research question. The conclusions drawn from the study themes are in connection with the results of the study but the conclusion paragraph of the article mostly includes future recommendations for the nursing practice. The recommendations include increasing post conference timings of the students, ongoing assessments of employees via CBOs and ongoing classes for the employees. The results assist these recommendations as they indicate increased need for a strong support system for the preparation of new recruits. This study is transferable is all settings of Pakistan where new graduates are been hired as new recruits in the institution th us this study has increase transferability.

Literature and Experience :: Free Essays Online

Literature and Experience When I wrote my first work, The Naked Tree, I was an ordinary housewife. I had been a passionate literature lover, but I had never practiced writing or studied literature. The Naked Tree began as non-fiction. One day I saw a posthumous show of artist Pak Su-gun, and I found myself swept by an incomprehensible confusion. He suffered from poverty all his life, but after his death, he became the artist whose works commanded the highest prices in the ROK. During the Korean war, he eked out a living by painting cheap portraits in the PX of US Forces, and I worked there trying to talk US soldiers into having their portraits made. In order to maintain a hand-to-mouth existence, both he and I led a life of the bottom, in which the least level of self-esteem could not be maintained. After the war, he was never free of poverty; he struggled to make a living and died at the young age of 51. When I saw that he was evaluated as the best artist in Korea and treated as such, I was swept by complicated emotions, a mixture of fury, sadness, and joy. Such feelings gradually developed into a passion that I wanted to bear witness to how he had lived. I wanted to write a good biography, which would help understand everything about him, and I wanted to shock art dealers, who were intent on making profits by trading his works at high prices without knowing anything about how he had lived. That was how I began to write a biography, hoping to apply for an annual open competition for nonfiction works held by Sindong-a, a monthly magazine. The deadline approached, but my writing did not progress. There were spurts of good writing, though, and in those moments I was elated. However, next day I would read the parts that had gone particularly well, and discover that they were the lies I had made up, not real episodes. I was not supposed to make up stories in the name of writing a biography. I had no choice but to throw them away, and I would be back to the slow- progressing stage. In writing his biography, there was another difficulty, aside from the battle with lies. I wanted to talk about my own stories. Literature and Experience :: Free Essays Online Literature and Experience When I wrote my first work, The Naked Tree, I was an ordinary housewife. I had been a passionate literature lover, but I had never practiced writing or studied literature. The Naked Tree began as non-fiction. One day I saw a posthumous show of artist Pak Su-gun, and I found myself swept by an incomprehensible confusion. He suffered from poverty all his life, but after his death, he became the artist whose works commanded the highest prices in the ROK. During the Korean war, he eked out a living by painting cheap portraits in the PX of US Forces, and I worked there trying to talk US soldiers into having their portraits made. In order to maintain a hand-to-mouth existence, both he and I led a life of the bottom, in which the least level of self-esteem could not be maintained. After the war, he was never free of poverty; he struggled to make a living and died at the young age of 51. When I saw that he was evaluated as the best artist in Korea and treated as such, I was swept by complicated emotions, a mixture of fury, sadness, and joy. Such feelings gradually developed into a passion that I wanted to bear witness to how he had lived. I wanted to write a good biography, which would help understand everything about him, and I wanted to shock art dealers, who were intent on making profits by trading his works at high prices without knowing anything about how he had lived. That was how I began to write a biography, hoping to apply for an annual open competition for nonfiction works held by Sindong-a, a monthly magazine. The deadline approached, but my writing did not progress. There were spurts of good writing, though, and in those moments I was elated. However, next day I would read the parts that had gone particularly well, and discover that they were the lies I had made up, not real episodes. I was not supposed to make up stories in the name of writing a biography. I had no choice but to throw them away, and I would be back to the slow- progressing stage. In writing his biography, there was another difficulty, aside from the battle with lies. I wanted to talk about my own stories.

Econometrics – Vietnam Cpi

Hanoi University Faculty of Management and Tourism Vietnam's Consumer Price Index and Influencing Factors An Econometrics Report 5/11/2012 Tutorial 2 – BA09 Lecturer: Ms. Dao Thanh Binh Tutor: Ms. Tr? n Kim Anh Group members: Nguy? n Th? Ha Giang ID: 0904000018 Ngo Thi Mai Huong ID: 0904000039 Le Thanh Long ID: 0904000050 Bui Th? Huong Quyen ID: 0904000072 Hoang Minh Thanh ID: 0904000082 D? Dang Ti? n ID: 0904000089 Truong Cong Tu? n ID: 0904000091 Nguy? n Thanh Tuy? n ID: 0904000092 AcknowledgementFirst and foremost, we would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to complete this research. We would like to convey our sincere thanks to our lecturer Ms. Dao Thanh Binh, PhD, lecturer of Faculty of Management and Tourism, Hanoi University, for her conscientious and dedicated lectures. Without her valuable knowledge, this research cannot be accomplished. Our deepest gratitude also goes to our beloved tutor Ms. Tran Kim Anh, master. Her devoted inst ructions and support were of great help.Without her heart-felt assistance and encouragement, this paper would not be able to come to this result. Abstract In recent years, Vietnam’s inflation has increased to an alarming rate of two-digit, ranking itself one of 5 countries having the highest inflation rate in the world. That Consumer Price Index (CPI) has incessantly escalated is the primary reason for such worrying issue. Our project, therefore, is aimed at investigating and analyzing Vietnam’s CPI by testing the impact of following factors on CPI: USD/VND exchange rate, petrol price, rice price and money supply.Henceforth, a prediction about inflation rate drawing from CPI and affecting factors analysis may be given to help us better prepare for problems that can occur as a result of distressing inflation. The model that can best illustrate relationship between the independent variables and CPI has been detected. Basing on our research, it is apparent that those four variables have a significant influence on Consumer Price Index. Table of Contents Acknowledgementii Abstractiii List of Tables and Figuresv 1. Introduction1 2. Methodology2 2. 1. Method of collecting data and other sources2 . 2. Methods of processing the data2 3. Data analysis3 3. 1. Consumer Price Index3 3. 2. Exchange rate4 3. 3. Petrol price5 3. 4. Rice price6 3. 5. Money supply7 4. Model specification7 4. 1. Variables and relationships7 4. 2. Model selection8 5. Regression interpretation and hypothesis testing13 5. 1. Regression function coefficients interpretation13 5. 2. Hypothesis testing13 5. 2. 1. Significance test of individual coefficients13 5. 2. 2. Significance test of overall model15 5. 2. 3. Test of dropping insignificant variable16 6. Errors and limitation17 6. 1. Limitations17 6. 2.Errors and remedials18 6. 2. 1. Multicollinearity18 6. 2. 2. Heteroskedasticity20 6. 2. 3. Autocorrelation21 7. Conclusion24 Appendixa Referencesb List of Tables and Figures Table 1: EVi ew regression result: Lin-lin model9 Table 2: EView regression result: Log-log model10 Table 3: EView regression result: Lin-log model11 Table 4: EView regression result: Log-lin model12 Table 5: R2 and CV comparison between models12 Table 6: EView regression result: New model16 Table 7: EView regression result: P-R,MS18 Table 8: EView regression result: R-P,MS19 Table 9: EView regression result: MS-P,R19Table 10: EView White Heteroskedasticity Test (without cross terms)21 Table 11: EView regression result: Durbin-Watson statistic22 Table 12: Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test: Lags 223 Figure 1: Vietnam CPI from 2000 to 20103 Figure 2: Vietnam's USD Exchange rate from 2000 to 20104 Figure 3: Vietnam's retail petrol price from 2000 to 20105 Figure 4: Vietnam's rice price from 2000 to 20106 Figure 5: Vietnam's money supply from 2000 to 2010 (in VND billion)7 1. Introduction Every nation worldwide has ever confronted with inflation and attempting to solve inflation problem.Vie tnam is not an exception. Inflation has proved to be one of the most concerned issues by both Vietnamese government and economists for nearly a decade as it has tendency towards ceaselessly inflating since 2004. Inflation is an increase in overall prices of goods and services in an economy over a period of time. Inflation rate during a year will probably rise if there is a escalation in Consumer Price Index (CPI) in that year comparing to previous year, basing on following formula: InflationYear 2=CPIYear 2-CPIYear 1CPIYear 1Therefore, understanding the nature of inflation and efficiently anticipating it can essentially improve and strengthen the economy in generally, guiding business towards better strategy, as well as helping people adapt to price change in particular. Not only is CPI a powerful tool for government and economic experts to observe the whole society’s level of consumption, but it also, more importantly, predict the inflation rate that may have a considerable impact on the whole economy as well as the people’s daily lives.According to World Bank and International Monetary Funds (IMF), however, Vietnam is listed in high-inflation zone with a growing CPI. As for IMF’s facts, Vietnam’s CPI in August 2011 went up by 23. 02% compared to the same month of 2010; CPI in December 2011 also increased by 15. 68% compared to 2010. Besides, Vietnam’s economy has witnessed a simultaneous boost in price of goods and petrol throughout the year, together with decreasing purchasing power in recent years. Do these facts indicate a bad situation for Vietnam? We probably do not know for sure.We, instead, can help develop a more optimistic economy from the prediction of CPI as well as inflation rate of Vietnam. From such above serious facts and figures, this project is conducted to analyze Vietnam’s CPI and factors affecting CPI, then, giving prediction about Vietnam’s inflation rate by forming an overall picture of v ariations in people’s living expenditure, thus assist judging the possibility of inflation which may collapse even a huge economy of Vietnam due to the case of hyperinflation. 2. Methodology 2. 1. Method of collecting data and other sourcesAs discussed earlier and will be examined deeper later in this paper, there are some factors that play an important role in deciding the level of consumer price index in Vietnam. They consist of the movement of exchange rate (specifically, the USD/VND exchange rate), the price of petrol in Vietnam which is very critical, the Vietnamese rice price and governmental money supply. Through the application of econometric theories along with the examination of each single factor, the model can be formed as follow: CPI=? 1+? 2? ER+? 3? P+? 4? R+? 5? MS+?In order to gather the information regarding the four factors (independent variables), a number of data have been collected in the period 2000 – 2010: * The annual Vietnamese USD/VND exchange rate; * The annual Vietnamese rice price; * The annual money supply of Vietnamese government and other institutions; * The annual petrol price of Vietnam. All the data gathered have been found from various sources on trusted websites, in which we can count on the reliability and accuracy of the statistics and other related information. 2. 2. Methods of processing the data The data gathered above are just raw data.Therefore, in order to make prediction about the level of CPI in Vietnam accurately, some processes and calculation surely need to be made. First time, the raw data ought to be processed through the power of such computational tools as Eview and Microsoft Excel. Particularly, Microsoft Excel will help determine the trend in the independent variables (exchange rate, rice price, money supply and petrol price) as they change throughout the years and other necessary computation whereas Eview and its econometric calculations assist in figuring out some critical indicators (t-st atistic, R squared, adjusted R squared, p-value, etc. . After having those numbers and indices, two tests (the t-test and the f-test) are professionally used to make out not only the degree of significance of each independent variable but also the overall meaningfulness that all the independent variables contribute to the determination of CPI. From then on, it should be more convenient for us to make some anticipation about the trend of CPI in Vietnam based on the processed data we made. 3. Data analysis 3. 1. Consumer Price Index Figure [ 1 ]: Vietnam CPI from 2000 to 2010First of all, the consumer price index (CPI) measures of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer. In fact, it provides information about price changes in the nation’s economy to government, business, labor and private citizens and is used by them as a guide to making economic decisions. Therefore, analyzing CPI is very important this aids in formulating fiscal and monetary po licies. As can be seen from the chart, there was a steady increase in the CPI from 2000 to 2010. In other word, the typical family has to spend more dollars to maintain the same standard of living during 10 years.To specify, after undergoing a slight growth in the first fourth years from 100 to about 110, CPI increased significantly to a peak of around 210 in the last year. There are many factors including exchange rate, money supply, rice price and petrol price which cause this growth in CPI are being concerned. 3. 2. Exchange rate Figure [ 2 ]: Vietnam's USD Exchange rate from 2000 to 2010 According to the data compiled from 2000 to 2010, the exchange rate of USD/VND experienced an upward trend. In 2000, the USD/VND exchange rate was VND 14,170, then increased by 4% and 5% in 2002 and 2003 respectively.From 2003 to 2008, the exchange rate remained stable around VND 15,700 which can be explained by some rationales. First of all, Vietnam central bank manipulated the market by sellin g USD and tried to adjust the exchange rate unchanged in following years (vietcombank, 2002). Moreover, due to the US economic instability and USD depreciation against other currencies, VND depreciated less than expected. In 2009, the exchange rate underwent a surge to VND17, 066 and continued increasing dramatically to VND 18,620 in 2010.Though the central bank implemented many policies to stabilize the exchange rate, it still rose significantly since many citizens had speculated the USD and waited until it appreciated much more against VND (scribd, 2010). Another reason is the real demand in USD due to the increase in exported products and labours. According to Mr Nguyen Van Binh, vice president of the Central Bank, increasing exchange rate is an effective tool crafted by the central bank to boost export and economic development (luattaichinh, 2009). 3. . Petrol price Figure [ 3 ]: Vietnam's retail petrol price from 2000 to 2010 According to the data accumulated, the gasoline pric e generally has an upward trend though the 11-year period from 2000 to 2010 Over the first 4 years from 2000 to 2003, the price of gasoline remained the same or changed not much. The 4 years of price stability had experienced the dramatic change, which was a huge increase to 122. 2% in 2006 (from 5,400 to 12000 VND). From that point of time, the gasoline price slightly felt to 11,300 in 2007.This is, however, followed by a significant growth from 11,300 to 16,320 VND in 2008 and fluctuated in the duration of 2008 and 2010. In conclusion, the price of gasoline in Vietnam is predicted to be continuing to grow over the next few years. 3. 4. Rice price Figure [ 4 ]: Vietnam's rice price from 2000 to 2010 According to the data compiled, the rice price has an upward trend though the 10-year period from 2000 to 2010. The price of rice sold was fairly steady over the first 3 years from 2000 to 2003 with a slight rise to 100. 6%. This stability was followed by a sudden increase to 122. % in 2006. This trend was strengthenedby the fact that Vietnam became an official member of World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2007( BBC 2007), which rocketed Vietnam’s inflation to 12. 6% (ThuyTrang 2008). In addition, 2007–2008 world food price crises contributed a part in the growth of world food price in general and rice price in Vietnam in particular ( Compton etc. 2010, p. 20), leading to a remarkable rise on Vietnamese rice price to 215. 2% in 2008, and 251. 8% in 2010. To sum up, the Vietnamese rice shot up over 2. 5 times from 2000 (100%) to 2010 (215. %) and this trend is surmised to still keep going on in next few years. 3. 5. Money supply Figure [ 5 ]: Vietnam's money supply from 2000 to 2010 (in VND billion) Starting with nearly $ 200,000 billion in 2000, the amount of money in the economy saw a slight rise between 2001 and 2004 but money supply still lower than $ 500,000 million, before ending with a significant increase for the last period and reaching at $ 2, 478,310 billion in 2010. With the amount of money in market increasing by from 15% to 50% each year; Vietnamese have more money to spend and price level also affected. 4.Model specification 4. 1. Variables and relationships In order to study the movements of CPI in Vietnam, it is essential to evaluate the factors that drive the changes in CPI. a) USD/VND exchange rate It is easily seen that Vietnam has suffered from a great trade deficit which means import being more than export. Therefore, if the exchange rate USD/VND increases, which can be explained as VND depreciates against USD; imported products will be more expensive than before. Since imported products exceed exported products, Vietnamese consumers have to suffer from higher price of all imported products.By that, domestic producers as the result will take advantage of this moment to increase the price of domestic products to compete with other foreign products. Tradable goods being half the basket of the CPI will increase t he price which leads to the surge in the CPI. b) Petrol price Almost all the products directly or indirectly need the use of petrol as the main fuel for transportation, production or substitute fuel for electricity, coal, etc. If the price of petrol increases, the cost of production will experience a rise as well.Hence, the producers will increase the prices of goods to compensate for the increase in production cost which contributes to higher CPI. c) Rice price One of the main categories that are included in the basket of goods when calculating CPI is food. Vietnam is a country where people consume rice as the main food in daily meals, thus the change in rice price will affect the CPI of Vietnam. d) Money supply Lastly, as CPI is heavily dependent on the prices of goods and services, money supply is also one of the factors that have effect on CPI.This can be explained by the fact that the higher supply of money there is on the market, the lower the value of Vietnam currency is. As Vietnam Dong depreciates, prices of goods and services will be higher and vice versa. As a result, money supply changes lead to CPI changes. 4. 2. Model selection From the identification of the factors affecting CPI above, the variables will be denoted as follow: CPI: Consumer Price Index ER: Exchange rate of USD/VND P:Petrol price R: Rice price MS:Money supplyA number of possible models are applicable for the research, and in order to evaluate the appropriateness of each model, we based on 2 criteria: * R2: Coefficient of determination: The percentage of variation in CPI is explained by the model. * CV: Coefficient of variation: The average error of the sample regression function relative to the mean of Y. The model with higher R2 and lower CV is better. a) Lin-Lin model CPI=? 1+? 2? ER+? 3? P+? 4? R+? 5? MS+? The estimated regression result obtained from EView is: Dependent Variable: CPI| | | Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/07/12 Time: 22:20| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | |Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| 49. 84103| 25. 60055| 1. 946873| 0. 0995| ER| 0. 000830| 0. 001632| 0. 508588| 0. 6292| P| 0. 002170| 0. 000396| 5. 480252| 0. 0015| R| 0. 236729| 0. 046411| 5. 100736| 0. 0022| MS| 2. 02E-05| 5. 21E-06| 3. 885527| 0. 0081| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 998614|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 137. 9727| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 997691|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 39. 11026| S. E. of regression| 1. 879410|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| 4. 402748| Sum squared resid| 21. 19309|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| 4. 83610| Log likelihood| -19. 21511|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | 4. 288740| F-statistic| 1081. 125|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 2. 490665| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 000000| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 1 ]: EView regression result: Lin-lin model Regression function: CPI=49. 84103+0. 00083? ER+0. 00217? P+0. 236729 ? R+0. 00002? MS R2 = 0. 998614 CV=? Y=1. 879410137. 9727=0. 013622 b) Log-Log model ln(CPI)=? 1+? 2? ln(ER)+? 3? ln(P)+? 4? ln(R)+? 5? ln(MS)+? The estimated regression result obtained from EView is: Dependent Variable: LOG(CPI)| | | Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/07/12 Time: 22:22| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | |Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| -1. 145265| 1. 841843| -0. 621804| 0. 5569| LOG(ER)| 0. 215912| 0. 205886| 1. 048698| 0. 3347| LOG(P)| 0. 089703| 0. 048661| 1. 843424| 0. 1148| LOG(R)| 0. 413783| 0. 038424| 10. 76876| 0. 0000| LOG(MS)| 0. 081931| 0. 034964| 2. 343304| 0. 0576| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 998138|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 0. 489313| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 996897|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 0. 268175| S. E. of regression| 0. 014939|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| -5. 266690| Sum squared resid| 0. 01339|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz c riterion| -5. 085828| Log likelihood| 33. 96679|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | -5. 380698| F-statistic| 804. 0941|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 2. 453663| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 000000| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 2 ]: EView regression result: Log-log model Regression function: ln? (CPI)=-1. 145265+0. 215912? lnER+0. 089703? ln? (P)+0. 413783? ln? (R)+0. 081931? ln? (MS) R2 = 0. 998138 CV=? Y=0. 0149390. 489313=0. 030531 c) Lin-Log model CPI=? 1+? 2? ln(ER)+? 3? ln(P)+? 4? lnR+? 5? ln(MS)+? The estimated regression result obtained from EView is: Dependent Variable: CPI| | | Method: Least Squares| | |Date: 05/07/12 Time: 22:23| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | | Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| -1186. 909| 420. 9102| -2. 819864| 0. 0304| LOG(ER)| 85. 49691| 47. 05046| 1. 817132| 0. 1191| LOG(P)| 9. 066673| 11. 12034| 0. 815324| 0. 4460| LOG(R)| 80. 80824| 8. 780996| 9. 202627 | 0. 0001| LOG(MS)| 1. 356787| 7. 990229| 0. 169806| 0. 8707| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 995428|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 137. 9727| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 992380|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 39. 11026| S. E. of regression| 3. 414025|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| 5. 96616| Sum squared resid| 69. 93340|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| 5. 777478| Log likelihood| -25. 78139|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | 5. 482608| F-statistic| 326. 5862|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 2. 282666| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 000000| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 3 ]: EView regression result: Lin-log model Regression function: CPI=-1186. 909+85. 49691? ln? (ER)+9. 066673? lnP+80. 80824? ln? (R)+1. 356787? ln? (MS) R2 = 0. 995428 CV=? Y=3. 414025137. 9727=0. 024744 d) Log-Lin model ln(CPI)=? 1+? 2? ER+? 3? P+? 4? R+? 5? MS+? The estimated regression result obtained from EView is: Dependent Variable: LOG(CPI)| | |Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/07/12 Time: 22:23| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | | Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| 4. 288043| 0. 311641| 13. 75958| 0. 0000| ER| 7. 55E-06| 1. 99E-05| 0. 379928| 0. 7171| P| 2. 76E-05| 4. 82E-06| 5. 717411| 0. 0012| R| 0. 000539| 0. 000565| 0. 953313| 0. 3772| MS| 1. 38E-07| 6. 34E-08| 2. 184042| 0. 0717| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 995633|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 0. 489313| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 992722|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 0. 268175| S. E. of regression| 0. 22878|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| -4. 414290| Sum squared resid| 0. 003141|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| -4. 233428| Log likelihood| 29. 27859|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | -4. 528297| F-statistic| 341. 9975|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 1. 798845| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 000000| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 4 ]: EView regression result: Log-lin model Regression function : ln? (CPI)=4. 288043+0. 000075? ER+0. 000027? P+0. 000539? R+0. 000014? MS R2 = 0. 995633 CV=? Y=0. 0228780. 489313=0. 046755 To sum up, we have a comparison of R2 and CV among the models: | R2| CV| a| 0. 998614| 0. 013622| b| 0. 998138| 0. 030531| c| 0. 995428| 0. 24744| d| 0. 995633| 0. 046755| Table [ 5 ]: R2 and CV comparison between models From the results above, the model a) is the most appropriate model to explain the relationship between CPI the other factors: CPI=49. 84103+0. 00083? ER+0. 00217? P+0. 236729? R+0. 00002? MS 5. Regression interpretation and hypothesis testing 5. 1. Regression function coefficients interpretation The chosen Lin-Lin model and its interpretation are described as follow: CPI=49. 84103+0. 00083? ER+0. 00217? P+0. 236729? R+0. 00002? MS ?1=49. 84103: If exchange rate, petrol price, rice price and money supply equal 0 at the same time, CPI should be 49. 4103 on average. However, this does not make much economic sense as there is no situation that e xchange rate, petrol price, rice price or money supply could be equal to 0. ?2 = 0. 00083: Holding other variables constant, if exchange rate increases by 1 unit, CPI will increase by 0. 00083 units on average. ?3 = 0. 00217: Holding other variables constant, if price of petrol rises by 1 unit, CPI will increase by 0. 00217 units on average. ?4 = 0. 236729: Holding other variables constant, if rice price goes up by 1 unit, CPI will rise by 0. 236729 units on average. ?5 = 0. 0002: Holding other variables constant, if money supply increases by 1 unit, CPI will go up by 0. 00002 units on average. 5. 2. Hypothesis testing 5. 2. 1. Significance test of individual coefficients a) Test the individual significance of ? 2 * Step 1: H0: ? 2=0 Ha: ? 2? 0 * Step 2: T-statistic t-stat=? 2-? 2SE(? 2) * Step 3: Level of significance: ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule Reject H0 if t-stat;tc(? 2, n-k)=tc(0. 025, 6)=2. 447 * Step 5: T-stat value t=? 2-0Se(? 2)=0. 0008300. 001632=0. 508588 ; tc = 2. 447 * Step 6: Conclusion: Do not reject H0 at ? = 5%. There is not enough evidence to conclude that ? is significantly different from 0 and individually significant ? = 5%. b) Test the individual significance of ? 3 * Step 1: H0: ? 3=0 Ha: ? 3? 0 * Step 2: T-statistic t-stat=? 3-? 3SE(? 3) * Step 3: Level of significance: ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule Reject H0 if t-stat;tc(? 2, n-k)=tc(0. 025, 6)=2. 447 * Step 5: T-stat value t=? 3-0Se(? 3)=0. 0020170. 000396=5. 480252 ; tc = 2. 447 * Step 6: Conclusion: Reject H0 at ? = 5%. There is enough evidence to conclude that ? 3 is significantly different from 0 and individually significant ? = 5%. c) Test the individual significance of ? 4 * Step 1: H0: ? 4=0 Ha: ? ? 0 * Step 2: T-statistic t-stat=? 4-? 4SE(? 4) * Step 3: Level of significance: ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule Reject H0 if t-stat;tc(? 2, n-k)=tc(0. 025, 6)=2. 447 * Step 5: T-stat value t=? 4-0Se(? 4)=0. 2367290. 046411=5. 100736 ; tc = 2. 447 * Step 6: Conclusion: Reject H0 at ? = 5%. There is enough evidence to conclude that ? 4 is significantly different from 0 and individually significant ? = 5%. d) Test the individual significance of ? 5 * Step 1: H0: ? 5=0 Ha: ? 5? 0 * Step 2: T-statistic t-stat=? 5-? 5SE(? 5) * Step 3: Level of significance: ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule Reject H0 if t-stat;tc(? , n-k)=tc(0. 025, 6)=2. 447 * Step 5: T-stat value t=? 5-0Se(? 5)=2. 02? 10-55. 21? 10-6=3. 885527 ; tc = 2. 447 * Step 6: Conclusion: Reject H0 at ? = 5%. There is enough evidence to conclude that ? 5 is significantly different from 0 and individually significant ? = 5%. 5. 2. 2. Significance test of overall model * Step 1: H0: ? 2=? 3=? 4=? 5=0 Ha: i? 0 * Step 2: F-statistic f-stat=R2/(k-1)(1-R2)/(n-k) * Step 3: Level of significance: ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule Reject H0 if f-stat;fc(? ,k-1,n-k)=fc(0. 05,4,6)=4. 53 * Step 5: F-stat value f-stat=0. 998614/(5-1)(1-0. 998614)/(11-6)=1081. 125;fc=4. 3 * Step 6: Conclusion Reject H0 at ? = 5%. There is e nough evidence to conclude that at least one coefficient is different from 0 and the overall model is statistically significant. 5. 2. 3. Test of dropping insignificant variable From the test above, we drew the conclusion that ? 2 is insignificant. Thus, an F-test of dropping the independent variable of Exchange rate from the model will be conducted. The regression results obtained from EView of the new model is: Dependent Variable: CPI| | | Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/09/12 Time: 11:07| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | | Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| 62. 73309| 3. 386991| 18. 52178| 0. 0000| P| 0. 002123| 0. 000364| 5. 828831| 0. 0006| R| 0. 229613| 0. 041843| 5. 487545| 0. 0009| MS| 2. 22E-05| 3. 29E-06| 6. 758719| 0. 0003| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 998555|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 137. 9727| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 997935|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 39. 11 026| S. E. of regression| 1. 777106|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| 4. 263137| Sum squared resid| 22. 10674|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| 4. 407826| Log likelihood| -19. 44725|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | 4. 171931| F-statistic| 1612. 50|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 2. 175208| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 000000| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 6 ]: EView regression result: New model The old model is: CPI=49. 84103+0. 00083? ER+0. 00217? P+0. 236729? R+0. 00002? MS with R2 = 0. 998614 The new model is: CPI=62. 73309+0. 002123? P+0. 229613? R+0. 00002? MS with R2 = 0. 998555 * Step 1: H0: ? 2 = 0 Ha: ? 2 ? 0 * Step 2: F-statistic F*=(R2unrestricted-R2restricted)/Number of dropped regressors(1-R2unrestricted)/(n-k) * Step 3: Level of significance ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule Reject H0 if F* ; Fc(? ,No,n-k) = Fc(0. 05,1,11-4) = 5. 59 * Step 5: F* value F*=(0. 98614-0. 998555)/1(1-0. 998614)/(11-4)=0. 29798 * Step 6: Conclusion F* ; Fc Do not reject H0 at ? = 5%. It is statistically reasonable to drop Exchange Rate variable from the model. The new model obtained is:CPI=62. 73309+0. 002123? P+0. 229613? R+0. 00002? MS| 6. Errors and limitation 6. 1. Limitations In spite of the results and discussion mentioned above, our report in general and our model in particular have their limitations that hinder our group to develop the most effective model. First and foremost, in data analysis, we presented a table of 1 dependent variable and 4 independent variables during the period of 2000-2010.In total, we have only collected 11 observations annually and the variables sometimes do not have the similar observations. It is obvious to state that the larger the sample size the higher the probability that our sample statistics get close to the true value or population parameters. For such reason, our small number observations may result in inaccuracy of the model. Furthermore, there exists mutual effects among the independent variables. For instance , the Money supply may have an effect on the Exchange rate. Additionally, the Rice price is also influenced by the Petrol price because petrol is the main energy source for production, etc.Such problems may falsify our results and they will be discussed further in the section of errors and remedies. To conclude, even though limitations exist, the foundation of our model is statistically undeniable. Nevertheless, any new econometric model constructed by us in the future will be designed and eliminated all negative limitations. 6. 2. Errors and remedials 6. 2. 1. Multicollinearity Multicollinearity exists due to some functional the existence of linear relationship among some or all independent variables. Multicollinearity can cause many consequences.For instance, OLS estimators have large variances and covariances, making the estimation with less accuracy. This error can lead to large variances and covariances, making the estimation with less accuracy. In order to detect the existence of multicollinearity, a simple tool of detection which is VIF can be applied. Beforehand, a number of auxiliary regressions that depict the relation ship between the independent variables must be done. Dependent Variable: P| | | Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/09/12 Time: 12:23| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | | Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std.Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| 2529. 790| 3163. 446| 0. 799695| 0. 4470| R| 28. 45504| 39. 34718| 0. 723179| 0. 4902| MS| 0. 003706| 0. 002908| 1. 274322| 0. 2383| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 890213|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 10088. 18| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 862766|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 4656. 172| S. E. of regression| 1724. 882|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| 17. 97071| Sum squared resid| 23801730|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| 18. 07922| Log likelihood| -95. 83888|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | 17. 90230| F-statistic| 32. 434 22|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 1. 144479| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 00145| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 7 ]: EView regression result: P-R,MS VIFP=11-R2P,R,MS=11-0. 890213=9. 10855;10 Dependent Variable: R| | | Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/09/12 Time: 13:11| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | | Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| 67. 25990| 15. 92311| 4. 224043| 0. 0029| P| 0. 002156| 0. 002982| 0. 723179| 0. 4902| MS| 5. 93E-05| 1. 82E-05| 3. 250317| 0. 0117| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 943086|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 144. 2364| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 928858|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. ependent var| 56. 29715| S. E. of regression| 15. 01585|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| 8. 483090| Sum squared resid| 1803. 805|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| 8. 591607| Log likelihood| -43. 65699|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | 8. 414685| F-statistic| 66. 28185|   Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 1. 625481| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 000010| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 8 ]: EView regression result: R-P,MS VIFR=11-R2R,P,MS=11-0. 943086=17. 57047;10 Dependent Variable: MS| | | Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/09/12 Time: 13:13| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | | Included observations: 11| | | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std.Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| -912567. 0| 169274. 2| -5. 391058| 0. 0007| P| 45. 52633| 35. 72593| 1. 274322| 0. 2383| R| 9603. 994| 2954. 787| 3. 250317| 0. 0117| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 949597|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| 931956. 0| Adjusted R-squared| 0. 936996|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 761613. 1| S. E. of regression| 191169. 4|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| 27. 38671| Sum squared resid| 2. 92E+11|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| 27. 49522| Log likelihood| -147. 6269|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan-Quinn criter. | 27. 31830| F-statistic| 75. 36010|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 2. 509023| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 00006| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 9 ]: EView regression result: MS-P,R VIFMS=11-R2MS,P,R=11-0. 949597=19. 84009;10 From the results above, we see that VIFP ; 10 whereas VIFR, VIFMS ; 10. Thus multicollinearity does not exist for Petrol variable, while multicollinearity exists for Rice and Money Supply variables. This can be explained by the fact that Petrol price is not influenced by other factors whilst Rice and Money Supply are influenced by Petrol price, as petrol is one of the main sources of energy for production of other goods and services. In general, multicollinearity does exist in the model.Nevertheless, the sole purpose of our research is for prediction and forecasting the inflation level of Vietnam based on CPI and the factors affecting CPI. Therefore, multicollinearity is not a serious issue for our research and we decided to take no action to fix the problem. 6. 2. 2. Heteroskedasticity Heteroskedasticity makes economic models violate one assumption which is homoskedasticity of equal variance of error terms. Heteroskedasticity causes ordinary least squares estimates of the variance (and, thus, standard errors) of the coefficients to be biased, possibly above or below the true or population variance.As the consequence, biased standard error estimation can lead to both type I error (reject the true hypothesis) and type II error (do not reject false hypothesis). To detect the heteroskedasticity, there are a number of methods that can be applied. Among them, we chose White's Heteroskedasticity Test (without cross terms) to detect the existence of heteroskedasticity. * Step 1: H0: Homoskedasticity. Ha: Heteroskedasticity. * Step 2: Run the OLS on regression to obtain residual ui Run the auxiliary regression to get the new model u2=? 1+? 2X2i+†¦ + ? qXqi+? q-1X22i+†¦ +? 2q-1X2qi+vi H0:? 2=? 3=†¦ = ? q W-statistic: W=n?R2(R2 of the new model) * Step 3: Level of significance ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule Reject H0 if W>? 2? ,df=? 20. 05,6=12. 5916 * Step 5: W-statistic value From the results of EView, we have White Heteroskedasticity Test:| F-statistic| 0. 609507| Probability| 0. 720319| Obs*R-squared| 5. 253654| Probability| 0. 511716| | | | | | Test Equation:| Dependent Variable: RESID^2| Method: Least Squares| Date: 05/09/12 Time: 19:52| Sample: 2000 2010| Included observations: 11| Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | C| -51. 06331| 66. 56641| -0. 767103| 0. 4858| P| -0. 003894| 0. 005892| -0. 60928| 0. 5448| P^2| 1. 82E-07| 3. 29E-07| 0. 552995| 0. 6097| R| 1. 041681| 1. 113821| 0. 935232| 0. 4026| R^2| -0. 003233| 0. 003599| -0. 898302| 0. 4198| MS| -1. 70E-05| 3. 45E-05| -0. 490921| 0. 6492| MS^2| 8. 86E-12| 1. 31E-11| 0. 676092| 0. 5361| R-squared| 0. 477605| Mean dependent var| 2. 009703| Adjusted R-squared| -0. 305988| S. D. dependent var| 3. 115326| S. E. of regression| 3. 560188| Akaike info criterion| 5. 638630| Sum squa red resid| 50. 69977| Schwarz criterion| 5. 891836| Log likelihood| -24. 01247| F-statistic| 0. 609507| Durbin-Watson stat| 2. 651900| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 20319| Table [ 10 ]: EView White Heteroskedasticity Test (without cross terms) W=n? R2=5. 253654 4 – dU: Reject H0 * dU < d < 4 – dU: Do not reject H0 * dL ? d ? dU or 4 – dU ? d ? 4 – dL: Inconclusive k' = 3, df = 11. dL = 0. 595;dU = 1. 928 * Step 5: D-statistic value From EView table, we have D-statistic = 2. 175208 * Step 6: Conclusion We have 4 – dU = 4 – 1. 928 = 2. 072 4 – dL = 4 – 0. 595 = 3. 405 4 – dU ? d ? 4 – dL. There is not enough evidence to conclude whether first-order autocorrelation exists or not. b. Breusch-Godfrey test Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test:| | | | | | | | | | | | F-statistic| 0. 399592|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prob. F(2,5)| 0. 6903| Obs*R-squared| 1. 515907|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prob.Chi-Square(2)| 0. 4686| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Test Equation:| | | | Dependent Variable: RESID| | | Method: Least Squares| | | Date: 05/09/12 Time: 14:40| | | Sample: 2000 2010| | | Included observations: 11| | | Presample missing value lagged residuals set to zero. | | | | | | | | | | | Variable| Coefficient| Std. Error| t-Statistic| Prob. | | | | | | | | | | | C| 0. 366991| 3. 997023| 0. 091816| 0. 9304| P| 0. 000262| 0. 000749| 0. 349805| 0. 7407| R| -0. 020687| 0. 052521| -0. 393881| 0. 7099| MS| -1. 21E-07| 4. 84E-06| -0. 025029| 0. 9810| RESID(-1)| -0. 121687| 0. 700832| -0. 173632| 0. 8690|RESID(-2)| -0. 759777| 1. 305304| -0. 582069| 0. 5858| | | | | | | | | | | R-squared| 0. 137810|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mean dependent var| -5. 51E-15| Adjusted R-squared| -0. 724381|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  S. D. dependent var| 1. 486833| S. E. of regression| 1. 952445|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Akaike info criterion| 4. 478494| Sum squared resid| 19. 06021|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schwarz criterion| 4. 695528| Log likelihood| -18. 63172|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hannan- Quinn criter. | 4. 341685| F-statistic| 0. 159837|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Durbin-Watson stat| 1. 950970| Prob(F-statistic)| 0. 967201| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Table [ 12 ]: Breusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM test: Lags 2 * Step 1: Identify Ho and Ha:Ho: No second order autocorrelation Ha: Second order autocorrelation * Step 2: Test statistic: BG – statistic = (n – p)* R2 (p = df = number of degree of order = 2) * Step 3: Significance level: ? = 5% * Step 4: Decision rule: Reject H0 if BG; ,p2=? 0. 05,22=5. 99174 * Step 5: BG-statistic value From EView table, we have BG = (11-2)*R2 = 9*0. 137810 = 1. 24029 ; 5. 99174 * Step 6: Conclusion Do not reject H0 at ? = 5%. There is not enough evidence to infer the existence of second-order autocorrelation. In addition, we also notice that the p-value of first-order is greater than 0. 5, thus the first-order autocorrelation does not exist either. To sum up, there is no autocorrelation error in the model. 7. Conclusion After thorou ghly investigating models and their significant, it can be inferred that the best appropriate model, which can well explain the relationship between CPI and affecting factors, is the following one: CPI=49. 84103+0. 00083? ER+0. 00217? P+0. 236729? R+0. 00002? MS Basing on the analysis, the model is proved to rather make sense as the fact that three independent variables, including petrol price, rice price and money supply, apparently affect Vietnam's CPI.After testing, the USD/VND exchange rate, nevertheless, is clearly insignificant. Consequently, the exchange rate is reasonably dropped out of the model. Moreover, all independent variables have positive relationship with CPI since the increase of any variables may result in growth of CPI. Besides the effectiveness and meaningfulness of the model, errors and limitation still exist. Multicollinearity is found out to be the considered issue, however, it is truly difficult to have any suitable remedial. And, two rest errors including h eteroscedasticity and autocorrelation are shown not to exist.It is the fact that the model is unavoidable to some errors and limitations, but these problems seem trivial and slight. From above analyzed data, the independent variables present a common trend of increasing, which leads to tendency of CPI to rise as well. Therefore, we insist that the CPI for the next years will boost. Despite Vietnamese government's important efforts to refrain the inflation rate, it is still essentially prone to escalate as a result of inevitable trend. Appendix Data of CPI, Exchange rate, Petrol price, Rice price and Money supply from 2000 to 2010Year| CPI| Exchange Rate| Petrol price| Rice price| Money supply (VND billion)| 2000| 100| 14,170. 23| 5400| 100| 196,994. 00| 2001| 102| 14,816. 76| 5400| 101| 250,846. 00| 2002| 104. 3| 15,346. 00| 5400| 101. 5| 284,144. 00| 2003| 107. 6| 15,475. 99| 5600| 100. 6| 378,060. 00| 2004| 115. 9| 15,704. 13| 7000| 114. 8| 495,447. 00| 2005| 125. 5| 15,816. 69| 1 0000| 118. 6| 648,574. 00| 2006| 134. 9| 15,963. 81| 12000| 122. 5| 841,011. 00| 2007| 146. 3| 16,126. 20| 11300| 142| 1,254,000. 00| 2008| 179. 6| 16,303. 54| 16320| 215. 2| 1,513,540. 00| 2009| 192| 17,066. 34| 15700| 218. 6| 1,910,590. 00| 2010| 209. | 18,620. 84| 16850| 251. 8| 2,478,310. 00| References BBC, 2007. Vietnam's WTO membership begins. Available online at URL: http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/business/6249705. stm (Accessed May 4, 2012) Binh, N. V. 2009. Di? u hanh chinh sach t? gia nam 2008 va phuong hu? ng nam 2009. Available online at URL: http://luattaichinh. wordpress. com/2009/02/26/di%E1%BB%81u-hanh-chinh-sach-t%E1%BB%B7-gia-nam-2008-va-ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng-h%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bng-nam-2009/ (Accessed May 4, 2012) General Statistics Office of Vietnam, 2012. Trade, Price and Tourism statistical data. Available online at URL: http://www. so. gov. vn/default_en. aspx? tabid=472&idmid=3 (Accessed May 4, 2012) Gujarati, D. N. , 2003. Basic Econometrics – 4th edition. McGr aw-Hill Higher Education. Indexmundi, 2011. Vietnam – money and quasi money. Available online at URL: http://www. indexmundi. com/facts/vietnam/money-and-quasi-money (Accessed April 26, 2012) Phuoc, T. V. & Long, T. H. , 2010. Ch? s? gia tieu dung Vi? t Nam va cac y? u t? tac d? ng. Vietcombank, 2002. T? gia VND/USD ti? p t? c ? n d? nh tuong d? i. Available online at URL: http://www. vietcombank. com. vn/News/Vcb_News. aspx? ID=1489 (Accessed May 3, 2012)