Free Essays - Im the King of the Castle :: Kafka Castle Essays

Im the King of the Castle   While reading Im the King of the Castle, I noticed that Susan Hill use many different techniques to put a point across, the most important being her use of imagery. However her writing also has many other qualities such as good social organisation and her ability to think like her display cases.  In addition she manages to build up tension and uses different ways of emphasising words or phrases. All of these factors contribute to her unique evocative style and add to her reputation of being a very talented writer.   In chapter Eleven, paragraph thirty-eight, she describes vividly how Kingshaw feels roam with fright when Hooper locks him in the shed.   He retched, and then began to vomit, all over the sacks, the sick coming down his nose and choking him. It tasted bitter. He bent forwards, holding his stomach. When it terminate he wiped his mouth on the sleeve of his shirt. He was shivering again.   This passage is an example of her excellent use of imagery. She conjures up a picture of the scene as well as expressing Kingshaws fears and senses in an evocative style by using a scene that we can all relate to and understand.    An example of Susan Hills good structure is at the very beginning of the novel, when Hooper and Kingshaw first meet, Hooper sends Kingshaw a note saying I didnt want you to come here. This sets up the story line from the beginning, leading us to stomach events to come. Then at the very end of the novel before Kingshaw commits suicide, Hopper sends him a final note saying Something will happen to you Kingshaw.   She shows the ability to be able to think like a child, which adds to the overall affect of the book because the main character is Kingshaw who is a child. This process of her thoughts gives us a wider understanding of Kingshaws character and his thoughts. Examples of her thinking like a child appear in many forms in the novel. One of them i s her use of childish language and grammar.   Now, he thought, I distinguish what Hooper is really like. Hes a baby.

Mozart Essay -- essays research papers

Wolfgang Amadeus MozartThis paper discusses Mozarts life, his compositions and his importance to the world and the world of music. It explains how Mozarts music is still some of the most popular classical music played today and his life is still studied because his music is so well known and liked. An Austrian composer and performer who showed astonishing precocity as a child and was an full-grown virtuoso, musical genius Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born to Leopold Mozart and Anna maria Pertl in Salzburg, Austria on January 27, 1756. Leopold Mozart was a successful composer and violinist and served as assistant concertmaster at the Salzburg court. Mozart and his older sister Maria Anna "Nannerl" were the couples only surviving children and their musical education began at a very young age. The archbishop of the Salzburg court, Sigismund von Schrattenbach was very supportive of the Mozart childrens remarkable activities.By the time Mozart was five historic period old, he b egan composing minuets. The next year, he and his sister were taken to Munich and Vienna to play a series of concert tours. Both children played the harpsichord, but Mozart had also mastered the violin. In 1763, when Mozart was seven years old, his father took leave of his position at the Salzburg court to take the family on an extended concert tour of horse opera Europe. Mozart and his sister performed in the major musical centers, including Stuttgart, Mannheim, Mainz, Frankfurt, Brussels, Paris, London, and Amsterdam. They did not return to Salzburg until 1766. During this time, Mozart continued to compose, completing his first of all symphony at age nine and publishing his first sonatas the same year. Leopold soon realized that he could make a substantial income by showcasing his son as a Wunderkind in the courts of Europe. Maria Anna was a intellectual pianist, and Mozart wrote a number of piano pieces, in particular duets and pieces for two pianos, to play with her. On one occasion when Mozart became ill, Leopold expressed more concern over the damage of income than over Mozart himself. The cold weather and constant travel may have contributed to his later illness.     After spending less than a year in Salzburg, the family once more departed for Vienna, where Mozart completed his first opera La finta semplice in 1768. Much to Leopolds frustration, the opera was not per... ... concertos, 23 string quartets, 35 violin sonatas, and more than 50 symphonies.Major composers since Mozarts time have worshipped or been in awe of Mozart. Beethoven told his pupil Ries that he (Beethoven) would never be able to think of a melody as great as that of the first movement of Mozarts 24th piano concerto, and did Mozart homage by writing variations on his themes (such as the two sets of Variations for violoncello and Piano on themes from Mozarts Magic Flute) and cadenzas to several of the piano concerti, most notably the Concerto No. 20 (K. 466). (After their only meeting, Mozart noted that Beethoven would "give the world something to guggle about.") Tchaikovsky wrote his Mozartiana in praise of him and Mahler died with "Mozart" the last word on his lips. The music critic James Svejda, when filling out a job application that asked for his religion, entered "Mozart".SummaryHis Christian name was Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart.His progress as a composer was amazing by the age of 13 he had written concertos, sonatas, symphonies, a German operetta, Bastien und Bastienne, and an Italian opera buffa, La finta semplice

An Analysis of Key Enterprise Data Concepts Essay -- essays research p

An Analysis of Key Enterprise info ConceptsBusiness intelligence activity has several different meanings depending upon the organization and its goal. I general, it involves the collection of data and using it to predict future trends. This information is used to make decisions regarding the direction of said organization. legion(predicate) businesses offer solutions that propose to pull together data from a variety of sources into a single repository and then analyze the data to gleam whatever information is needed. Regardless of the overall solution recommended, there are 4 basic concepts that they all employData warehouseData martData mining3-tier architecture.A datawarehouse is a repository of transactional data that has been specifically structured for doubtfulnessing and reporting on the data contained within in it. The format of the data is non as important as is the fact that the data is to be stored for as long as needed. Datawarehouses exist tomake it easier, on a reg ular basis, to query and report data from multiple transaction processing systems provide a repository of transaction processing system data that contains data from a monthlong span of timeprevent persons who only need to query and report transaction processing system da...

War Poetry :: English Literature

War PoetryAlfred Tennyson and Wilfred Owen presend different ideas slightly war intheir poems, The Charge of the Light group and Dulce et Decorumest. Write about these poems and their effect on you.The Charge of the Light Brigade was written by Alfred, LordTennyson, about The Battle of Balaclava which took place in 1854.Tennyson wrote the poem using information from an article in The Timesand it remembers the bravery of the outnumbered cavalry men who were molestly sent into contend.Dulce et Decorum est was written by Wilfred Owen during the FirstWorld War. It was written to show the truth about war and toillustrate that it is not a good occasion to die for your country.The Charge of the Light Brigade has half a dozen verses. The third, fourthand fifth stanzas concentrate on the battle itself. The main part ofthe battle is depicted in verse four and tells how the soldiers weresabring the gunners and how Cossack and Russian reeled portrayingthe victory of the Light Brigade. The f inal stanza is a message fromthe poet to honour the Light Brigade and not to forget what the sixhundred men did.The poem has a constant rhyming pattern all the way through with wordslike blundered, hundred, thundered and wondered or scale of measurement,fell and well. Having this rhyming pattern throughout makes thepoem seem to flow more easily and gives it a more prominent structure.It emulates the pace of the battle which was over in twenty minutes.The rhythm of The Charge of the Light Brigade mimics the sound ofhorses hooves by using tripling such as half a league, half aleague, half a league onward the sound of galloping horses iscontinued when the poet uses words like volleyed and thundered.Tennyson draws attention to the fact that The Battle of Balaclava was whiz of the biggest military blunders ever made in his poem by writingInto the jaws of death, into the mouth of hell showing that to sendthe Light Brigade into battle was wrong and that hardly any of themwould return.In v erse two the poet informs the reader that the soldiers knew that amistake had been made plainly followed the orders anyway. The linesTheirs not to make reply, theirs not to reason why, theirs but to doand die show that the soldiers could not refuse to go into battle,even if they knew someone had blundered, all they had to do was gointo battle and die.Tennyson shows admiration for the Light Brigade in his poem.

Manuel Noriega :: essays research papers

Playing All Sides Of the FenceManuel Noriega, the former dictator of the Central the Statesn country of Panama, rose to power through the art of destruction deception and detail. Manuel Noriega was able to profit and flourish as Panama&8217s new drawing card because of the Cold War environment. Due to the Cold War, its geographical positioning, and financial liberties, Noriega was able to manipulate all parties involved while making him very wealthy, powerful, a governmental asset, and finally a threat to the United States National Security. Manuel Noriega was born in 1934 in Panama City, Panama. Noriega grew up very poor and could not afford some(prenominal) high level of education. Like most who could not afford schooling he attended a military college in Peru. His schooling in Peru would at long last give him his start to gaining contacts, friends, and most importantly American connections. To understand Noriega&8217s rise to power first you must understand the environment in w hich he did so. After World War II a communist movement began to slowly spread throughout the world. This went against America&8217s belief in res publica and created a riff between the Soviet Union and The United States creating the Cold War. What importance does this have to Noriega and Panama? On January 1, 1959 Fidel Castro led a successful takeover against the government in Cuba which at the time was controlled by Fulgencio Batista. By Castro taking control of the Cuban government, he placed communism within a contiguous range of America. This was important because it was feared by most Americans that this takeover by Castro would lead a domino effect throughout Central America, and third world countries save extending the arm of Communism and the reach of the Soviet Union.During the same time Castro took control of Cuba, Noriega was in the Peruvian military school. America fearing that these third world military schools would be a breeding ground for future communist leade rs, implanted many agents to keep watch over them. One of these recruitment&8217s would be Manuel Noriega. America first employed Noriega in these early years to inform them on the schools leftist teachings and slowly helped and inspired him to become one of America&8217s take up assets and later their worst enemy.After returning home to Panama, Noriega furthered his studies by taking courses in America and also at American bases in Panama. Some of his courses include &8220military engineering, jungle engineering, and counter insurgency Battle (Kempe 58).

Manuel Noriega :: essays research papers

Playing All Sides Of the FenceManuel Noriega, the former dictator of the Central American country of Panama, rose to power finished the art of destruction deception and detail. Manuel Noriega was able to profit and flourish as Panama&8217s new leader because of the arctic War environment. Due to the Cold War, its geographical positioning, and financial liberties, Noriega was able to manipulate all parties involved while making him very wealthy, powerful, a political asset, and finally a threat to the get together States National Security. Manuel Noriega was born in 1934 in Panama City, Panama. Noriega grew up very poor and could not afford any high level of education. Like to the highest degree who could not afford schooling he attended a military college in Peru. His schooling in Peru would ultimately give him his start to gaining contacts, friends, and about importantly American connections. To understand Noriega&8217s rise to power first you must understand the environment i n which he did so. After World War II a communist movement began to slowly spread throughout the world. This went against America&8217s belief in democracy and created a riff between the Soviet Union and The United States creating the Cold War. What importance does this have to Noriega and Panama? On January 1, 1959 Fidel Castro led a successful coup against the government in Cuba which at the quantify was controlled by Fulgencio Batista. By Castro taking control of the Cuban government, he placed communism within a close range of America. This was important because it was feared by most Americans that this takeover by Castro would lead a domino effect throughout Central America, and third world countries further extending the arm of Communism and the reach of the Soviet Union.During the same time Castro took control of Cuba, Noriega was in the Peruvian military school. America fearing that these third world military schools would be a breeding ground for hereafter communist leade rs, implanted many agents to keep watch over them. One of these recruitment&8217s would be Manuel Noriega. America first employed Noriega in these proto(prenominal) years to inform them on the schools leftist teachings and slowly helped and inspired him to become one of America&8217s best assets and later their worst enemy.After travel home to Panama, Noriega furthered his studies by taking courses in America and also at American bases in Panama. Some of his courses included &8220military engineering, jungle engineering, and counter insurgency Battle (Kempe 58).

A Goal I Have Accomplished

Graduating from college, having a stable job or putting up their own business and having a happy family might be the things people exigency to achieve in their deportmenttime.Many people hope for this at an early age while they ease have the support of their pargonnts especially financially. I, myself, also hope for those. Those are also the goals that I want to accomplish. However, with my present status, I believe those could only be bonuses for all the achievements I have now.I recently got my General Education ontogenesis diploma this is already a great achievement for me. This is because I got it as a fruit of all the labor, perseverance and determination. It is very difficult to manage my life while I study. I am a single mother and I need to work for a living to feed my little boy.There were multiplication that I needed to review my lessons while I am tending to his needs during the night. There were many nights that I have gone sleepless and still go to school during the twenty-four hours. But I know I needed to do everything not only for my forthcoming but especially for my child future thats what I always think of.My beautiful boy is the crown to all my tiredness and the everlasting joy to all my achievements. At the end of the day when I see him smiling at me, he gives me new hope to pursue what I am planning to do.Aside from perseverance and thinking of our future, another measuring rod that I took is to continue my studies. I already started college in August. I am now pursuing my Bachelor of Arts in Business through Kaplan Online. Moreover, to hatch for our expenses, I am also working fulltime. Going back to school is a present achievement I am enjoying now.

Dramatic Purpose Essay

Act 3 Scene 1 is the main turning point of the count. It is during this scene that the twist becomes a tragedy. The scene begins with Benvolio asking that they all go inside because he fears a brawl. Benvolio states, I pray thee, good Mercutio, lets retire The sidereal day is heated up, the Capulets abroad, and, if we meet, we shall not scape a brawl. Mercutio ignores him and is entertaining everyone by taunting and provoking Tybalt. Soon the happily married Romeo enters.Tybalt calls Romeo a villain Romeo, the hate I give thee sess afford No better term than this, Thou art a villain Tybalt calls Romeo a villain to wheedle him into duelling but overly because he result have no regrets in slaying him. Tybalt becomes angry at Romeo this shall not excuse the injuries that thou hast done me, therefore turn and draw. Tybalt thinks that Romeo is do by him but Romeo still refuses to fight. Romeo tries to be nice to Tybalt, I do protest I never injured thee, but love thee better t han thou canst devise. Romeo is so blinded by his love for Juliet that he does not want anyone to get hurt, especially a cousin he just gained through marriage to Juliet. Mercutio then decides to fight on Romeos behalf since Romeo has dishonoured himself. Mercutio calls Romeo a coward O calm, dishonourable vile submission Mercutio says this because Romeo decided to stand down like the common coward. Mercutio then tries to coax Tybalt into duelling him he draws Tybalt, you rat catcher, will you walk? Romeo tries to discover the fight between Tybalt and Mercutio by getting in between them.Romeo says to Mercutio, Gentle Mercutio, put thy rapier up. Even Benvolio tries to stop them. Benvolio beingness the peacekeeper did not want to watch Mercutio duel a Capulet of which there were many that hot afternoon. He was worried that on such a hot day the heat would cause tempers to rise easily. Benvolio tries to get the fight between Tybalt and Mercutio off the streets We talk here in th e public haunt of men every withdraw unto some private place, and reason coldly of your grievances, Or else de social occasion here all eyes gaze on us. The fight ends when Mercutio is stabbed by Tybalt.fill with rage for Mercutios death, Romeo fights and kills Tybalt. The citizens of Verona, including both families of Romeo and Juliet, rush to where Tybalt and Mercutio lay dead. The scene ends with the Prince banishing Romeo from Verona. Shakespeare builds the tension in this scene by showing us the aggressive sides of each of the characters. For example, Shakespeare makes Romeo refine and befriend his enemy which enrages Tybalt. Tybalt then fights Mercutio in place of Romeo and eventually Mercutio is killed. Romeo enraged because of the death of his beaver friend, reacts by killing Tybalt.The audience now knows that this play can only end in tears for everyone. In my opinion I think that Act 3 Scene 1 is by far the go around scene in Romeo and Juliet. It shows the reader many sides of the characters like Mercutio who is most of the time acting like a fool but heroically fights Tybalt for Romeo Romeo who shows a amiable nature towards Tybalt and Tybalt thinking Romeo is mocking him. The dramatic purpose of this scene is to act as the main turning point of the play. It is intense from the start and ends with the banishment of Romeo from Verona by the Prince and turns the love story into a tragedy. plaster bandage Role of Tybalt Coty Simpson or Zak Efron Tybalts character is the same from the start of the play right up to and during Act 3 Scene 1. In the play we incessantly see him as a fierce and fiery person. Tybalt is very aggressive, arrogant and has a mentally ill temper. He is always vistaing for a fight but mostly fights with words not physically until Act 3. Benvolio describes Tybalt to Lady Montague as the fiery Tybalt, with his sword prepared. In Act 3 we see how dangerous Tybalt truly can be when he challenges both Romeo and Mercutio.Mercuti o also infers that any word with Tybalt could easily end with a physical fight. He states And but one word with one of us? Couple it with something, make it a word and a blow. Tybalts character is also very insecure. Tybalt complains to his uncle and aunt that Romeo has crashed their party and finds this act offensive, insulting and hurts the family and his status. Tybalt states, This shall not excuse the injuries that thou hast done to me. Tybalt is also a bit of a coward as he runs away after killing Mercutio, possibly afraid of the consequences he will face when the Prince finds out.Even before he dies by Romeos attack, Tybalt still holds on to his powerful personality because he revels on how he got Romeo angry enough to fight proving he is stronger than Romeo who only acts on emotion not reason. To play the part of Tybalt, both Zac Efron and Cody Simpson can be cast. Both these actors attract a raw audience. In the play, Shakespeare does not give Tybalt age, but his actions show him to be about 19-25 historic period old so both actors are the right age to convincingly play this part. However, Zac Efron previous casting experience will allow him to easily correct to play the role of Tybalt.As Anakin Skywalker (Darth Vader) in Robot Chicken Star Wars Episode II, Zac Efron played one of movie-history worst bad guy. alike(p) Tybalt Darth Vader angers easily and is motivated by rational rage and not an irrational (passionate) rage. Also, Vaders goal is to inspire hatred and fear to control everyone around him. adept possible downside to Efron playing the part of Tybalt is the challenge of convincingly performing the scenes as written in Middle English. In conclusion I believe that Zac Efron will be a good actor in playing the role of Tybalt. Cody Simpson would be my second cast choice for Tybalt.Cody is Australian. His accent may be more(prenominal) convincing when performing in Tybalts role in Middle English. Also, Cody can be skillful and focused. O ne key issues against Cody playing the part of Tybalt is he does not have a history of doing long films. Most of Codys performances have been short films and music videos. Of the two actors, Zac Efron would be the best Tybalt because he has play the role of the bad-guy and has a history of acting. Casting Role of Mercutio Taylor Lotner or Justin Bieber Mercutios character is humorous, joking and sarcastic teases throughout the play and up until his death in Act 3 Scene 1.He is incredibly smart, has a quick wit and clever mind. Mercutio is a driving force in the play. Along with being Romeo best friend he gives the audience important information that indicates the bad events that will happen. His death is the turning point in the play. Taylor Lautner and Justin Bieber are possible coarse actors to be cast in the role of Mercutio. Taylor Lautner is a person that has been in many films. He has played the role of a guy being give chase by secret agents to acting as a wear-wolf. He ca n be a fun actor and become more of a serious person in the proper scenes just like Mercutio.Taylor Lautner is 21 years old and would be close to the age that Mercutio would be in the play. One blemish of having Taylor play the role of Mercutio is he may not be able to fully perform the role of Mercutio. On the other hand, Justin Bieber is known as being a goofy person. Like Mercutio, he has a great way of making everything he says be funny and makes others laugh. One major drawback to using Justin in this role is his lack of experience. Justin has only made one movie. Further, that movie was more of an auto-biography and not a dramatic play. Justin Bieber is also a bit too young to play this role.Ultimately, Taylor Lautner would make the best Mercutio. His personality and ability will allow him to mimic and perform the part of Mercutio that I have pictured in my movie. Casting Role of Montague Robert De Niro or John Travolta The two actors best suited to play the role of Montague are Robert De Niro and John Travolta. Robert De Niro physical features give him the look of Montague. He portrays the look of a smart and upright citizen like Montague is in Romeo and Juliet. Also, De Niro has played a similar character in his role as the father figure slick Sr. n Silver Linings Playbook who is a bookie obsessed with the Philadelphia Eagles. Also, De Niro in the movie becomes a mean and cruel father. He has played a bad characters before. On the other hand, John Travolta though he has played some bad characters like his role in Pulp Fiction, his is mostly cast as a sweet and innocent person as we saw in many of his movies. Also, he does not come across as a father figure as well as De Niro and would not look authentic in the part of a stern and cruel character such as Montague. The best person, then, to play Montague is Robert De Niro.

Compensation Philosophy

The short term lending industriousness has been one of bulky scrutiny for many years. It has been well known the controversy of whether these businesses hurt or help the middle class. But what no one ever talks astir(predicate) argon the employees that work in this industry. When these businesses are shut down state to state, it is not just the borrowers that are affected and left with no way to leave their bills, but also the lives and financial security of employees that are lost as well. Current Compensation Philosophy improvement America is a leader in the payday loan and short term lending industry.Lets look at the compensation philosophy for different levels of employment, nonexempt momently, non exempt salary and officers and executives. ratable hourly employees are nonunion and are paid higher up market, nonexempt salaried employees are paid at market and officers and executives are paid above market. At Advance America, all employees that are center level managers and lower are hourly employees. The Average wage for center managers is between $10. 08 and $20. 73 per hour (www. payscale. com). The average wage for customer service representatives is between $7. 83 and $13. 91 per hour (www. ayscale. com). Advance America is not known for hiring part time employees due to scheduling.Advance America requires center level employees to be available from 8am-8pm everyday and provide their own reliable transportation (www. advanceamerica. net). The hourly employees have a vicissitude of benefits, health, dental, vision, 401k, Paid time off, The next level of employment is the divisional and regional directors of operations. These employees are salaried and receive an average salary of $49,000 to $60,000 for Divisional Director and $118,000 to $126,000 for regional Director (glassdoor. om). The executives, like many organizations, see the biggest increase in wage, CEO, John Patrick OShaughnessy for 2011, received a total compensation package of $2,992 ,791, $1,080,673 of which as tenderness and bonus compensation (www. businessweek. com). Mr. OShaughnessy also received stock options, legally required benefits and discretionary benefits. At the core of our compensation philosophy, our programs were designed to attract, motivate, reward, and retain vigilance talent in order to achieve increased stockholder value within a highly competitive industry.Our compensation philosophy was also focussed on aligning the financial interests of management with our stockholders (Advance America, SEC, 2012). Ways to Enhance Current Philosophy (Key Factors- Internal and External mission and strategic focus, financial and cultural resources) The primitive principle of a well defined compensation philosophy is the objective lens of compensation plans that enhance shareholder value (Hodak, 2011). The specific goals that satisfy this basic objective are essentially the same for every company (Hodak, 2011) 1. ) To attract and retain the talent need ed by the company to create value (Hodak, 2011) 2. To reward, and thereby motivate, that talent for sustainable value creation and (Hodak, 2011) 3. ) To meet the companys attraction and alignment objectives at the lowest reasonable cost to the shareholders (Hodak, 2011). Advance America kitty meet these goals through conducting a strategic analysis and compensation survey (Martocchio, 2011). External key factors include industry profile, information about competitors, and long-term growth prospects (Martocchio, 2011). Internal key factors include financial condition and functional capabilities through marketing and human resources (Martocchio, 2011).All core compensation plans and bonus compensation plans are execution of instrument establish (Advance America, SEC, 2012). Compensation at all levels within Advance America is based primarily on a qualitative assessment of performance and long term variables, such as title and associated responsibilities, tenure with us, compliance with our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, maintaining regulatory compliance objectives, maintaining and upholding our commitment to responsible industry practices and customer satisfaction, and managements assessment of market levels of ompensation. Our incentive programs had maximum incentive opportunities that were consistent with competitive market practices (Advance America, SEC, 2012). Conclusion Advance America operates on a performance based commission and bonus plan structure. Advance America does not sell customer accounts or customer information to tertiary parties unless the account is severly overdue, because of this, the majority of originated customer advances result in a performance based compensation.More specifically for the center level hourly employees, their performance based compensation is tied to the center volume for which to operate, this compensation results in their base pay and multiple bonus opportunities. This performance based compensation plan al lows Advance America to attract, motivate, reward, and maintain valuable employees.

Constitutional Law of the European Union Essay

The European woo of Justice is the driving force behind European integration. The ECJ had elaborately defined the doctrines of supremacy and direct motion of the EC Law and provided remedies for damages caused by breach of EC Law by a phallus State . Despite the initiatives of the ECJ, there have been contrasts between company impartiality and bailiwick natural law. Moreover, the ECJ made it authorize that the EC law had supremacy over issue law in the publication of conflict as evidenced in the depicted object of Costa v ENEL, wherein it held that a preliminary ruling by the Italian courts based on their field law would be of no significance.In Simmenthal, the ECJ clarified that the Community law was to take precedence over bailiwick law and that any preparation of the guinea pig law that contravened the Community Law would be rescinded by it. Moreover, the ECJ prohibited the machineation of any national law that was in conflict with the Community law. The ECJ furthe r ruled that no important provision of any national law could challenge the supremacy of a directly applicable Community rule .This supremacy of Community law is one of the constitutive principles of the integration of the European Community legal order and it has been well embedded in the accord that complete a Constitution for the European join. The doctrine of supremacy of Community law, the principles of direct exploit and uniform applicability are the immemorial ingredients of the Community. They are fundamental to the promotion of an effective Community legal order and form the unseen pillars of the European Constitution.Further, the doctrine of supremacy is the actual concrete personification of this constitutional causation . The national constitutional courts of fellow member States found it very difficult to adopt the doctrine of supremacy and in the initial stages the Italian and German constitutional courts closely refused to adopt this doctrine into their keep an eye onive national canons, because they felt that they would be surrendering their power of constitutional go off of secondary community law. Subsequently, the enlargement of the European Union provided a new paradigm to this doctrine of supremacy.This doctrine of supremacy was enforced by the ECJ in Costa v ENEL . This doctrine is a jurisprudential creation of the ECJ. Further, the Court clarified that the EEC Treaty had adopted a new legal system, which the Member States had integrated into their national legislation. Accordingly, the national courts were required to chip in the Community law without any deviation and this generated a number of debates in the Member States. Ultimately, it was accepted by the Member States. However, total supremacy over the national constitutional commissariat has not been achieved .In Frontini the Italian Constitutional Court had opined that the 1957 Act, which had accepted the eatable of the EEC Treaty, did not breach the Constitution. M oreover, the Italian court reserved to itself the right to review the continuing compatibility of the Treaty with the Constitution . In an some other case the Italian Constitutional Court, date accepting the precedence of Community law, maintained that the court had competence over any aspect of the relationship between Community law and municipal law .These decisions clearly open up that the national constitutional courts had not all in all accepted the supremacy of Community law. The German Constitutional Courts voiced their concern over the protection of fundamental rights in the decisions given in Solange I and II and introduced the concept of Kompetenz Kompetenze. Even in the Banana case the German constitutional Court declined to give up its power to review secondary community legislation in order to protect fundamental rights .In the United Kingdom this doctrine created several problems, because the UK constitution bestows absolute power on Parliament. Further, the UK rat ified a dualist policy concerning the relationship between international treaties and national law. Although such treaties were signed by the UK, they were not structuredd into the domestic law of the UK. In order to incorporate the treaties into national laws, the Parliament had to ratify them and this resulted in a problem in respect of accepting the doctrine of supremacy of Community law over national law.In the famous Factortame case the concept of the supremacy of Community law was subjected to a vast amount of discussion. In that case Spanish fishermen had argued that the norms for registering vessels at a lower place the merchant Shipping Act 1988 were discriminatory and in conflict with the provisions of the EC Treaty. The House of Lords refused to grant any interim injunction against the Crown. The applicants in this case claimed that this would fumble the Community law and the result was that a reference was made to the ECJ, which ruled in favour of these applicants.The ECJ further held that any piece of legislation in the national law that prevented a court from issuing interim relief would be tantamount to the violation of the Community law . The EOC case dealt with the suitability of the UK statute regarding cheating(prenominal) dismissal and redundancy pay in the broader context of the EC law . The UK law provided different benefits to employees working in full clock time and part time jobs. The appellant in the case, the Equal Opportunities Commission, opined that the statute was discriminating against female employees, which was in contravention of Article 141 of the EC Treaty and to other Community directives.The House of Lords held that the national legislation had violated the EC law and upheld the contention of the EOC. The approach of the European Court of Justice is at variance with the customary doctrine of precedent that is fasten in domestic law. The objective of the ECJ is to bring about a European Union that follows the same l aw throughout its Member States and to this end it constantly endeavours to support the EC Treaty. This could result in a change in the interpretation of legal principle over a period of time.Moreover, the ECJ bases its decisions on the extant mickle and not on precedent. National courts of Member States in the European Union can harbour a preliminary ruling regarding the interpretation of European Union Law from the ECJ on the basis of the provisions inherent in Article 234 of the EC Treaty. However, it is not the primary objective of the ECJ to take decisions regarding the compatibility between the domestic and European laws. Further, it is similarly not the primary aim of the ECJ to apply the European Union Law to some specific facts of a case .The ECJ indicates the principle to be use in a particular case and the case will have to be decided in the originating court, however, the ECJ ruling will have to be implemented by such a court. In the absence of an appeal from a natio nal court, a reference will have to be made by the originating court, in case it is of the opinion that a clarification in respect of European Union Law is required. Nevertheless, there are instances where an ET, EAT or appellate Court has to make a reference to the ECJ in order to pronounce judgement that is in accordance with the EU law.The function of the advocates general is to aid the judge in their judicial work. They do this by submitting analyses and recommendations regarding the issues raised in a particular case . In addition to the rights conferred on the nationals of the EU Member States by their respective national constitutions, the EU law comprises of another source that grants rights to them. As such the European Union law constitutes a legal system that in addition to being independent also, perhaps more importantly, takes precedence over the national laws of the Member States of the European Union.This European Union law comprises of treaties, which constitute pri mary legislation and regulations and directives that constitute secondary legislation. The importance of regulations is that they directly require compliance from the Member States without having to be codified into the national laws. However, in respect of the guidings, which are also legally binding, the onus of implementing them rests squarely with the Member States and these Member States have to do so by resorting to the relevant national law legislation on or before the final date set by the EU for such execution.Accordingly, Article 189 of the European Economic Treaty states that A Directive shall be binding, as to the result to be achieved, upon each Member State to which it is anticipateed, provided shall leave to the national authorities the choice of form and methods. The European Court of Justice, subsequent to fetching cognizance of the fact that Directives have to be implemented by the Member States, declared that persons were well within their rights to get win d the implementation of Directives even in the event of failure by the Member States to meet the deadline set by the EU.In addition, several(prenominal)s were permitted to enforce such rights in the national courts. The Van Gend en Loos decision uniquely open up the fact that in addition to creating promises for the Member States to implement the Directives it also creates rights for the individual citizens of these Member States . The right of the Member States and the European Commission to proceed against other Member States before the European Court of Justice does not prohibit the lodging of complaints by individuals against the Member State to which they belong in their national courts.In this context, the European Court of Justice ruled that Article 12 of the EEC results in direct effect, which in turn result in the creation of rights for individuals and that these rights had to perforce protected by the national courts. Consequently, individuals have been empowered to e nsure that rights granted by the Directives are enforced in the national courts . The offshoot of this is that individuals can ensure the implementation of human rights by resorting to legal legal action.In the Becker case it was clarified that if there is unconditionality and adequate precision in the provisions of a Directive that bestows individual rights, then individuals can resort to such provisions to contest the relevant national law . Furthermore, in the Francovich case the European Court of Justice established a test in three parts, which was to be utilized in order to ascertain whether the provisions that were inherent in a Directive, were sufficiently fine and unconditional in creating a right that was applicable to individuals.The ECJ has to consider the identity of the persons who are supported by the guarantee and the content of the guarantee. The identity of the person in breach and who is liable to pay the guarantee has also to be ascertained. Private persons and institutes cannot be subjected to the provisions of the Directives, because it is only the state that is subject to the Directives. The decision in the case of Francovich served to establish that damages could be claimed by an individual in a national court, in the event of a Member States failure to implement a Directive properly.The ECJ clarified that the spirit of the European law and the protection of rights would become ineffective if an individual failed to secure compensation. Moreover, the States are required to implement Directives wholly and properly. The ECJ decided in Brasserie du Pecheur v. Germany that there must be a sufficiently serious breach by the State in order to subside its liability. This dictum applies to situations where national legislation is implemented improperly and inconsistently with a Directive.In order to determine whether Community law was breached with sufficient seriousness, it is sufficient to raise that the Member State or Community instituti on had seriously and knowingly ignored the limits to its discretionary power. Some of the factors that the court has to consider are the exactitude and clarity of the rule that was breached, the amount of discretion allowed to the national or Community authorities, whether the damage caused was intentional or not and whether there had been any adoption or rejection of measures that were in violation of the Community law .Member States for whom the Directives are specifically issued should be bound by them. Sometimes Directives can be addressed to one Member State or a group of them, but in general Directives are addressed to all the Member States. The exception to this practice is in respect of Directives that pertain to Common Agricultural Policy. The European Commission initiates a binding legal action in situations where a Member State fails to incorporate the provisions of a Directive into their national legislation or if the national legislation fails to properly action the r equirements of the Directive.Previously, the Directives were not adequately binding upon the Member States in their implementation. To address this problem, the ECJ promoted the doctrine of direct effect. Thus even if a Member States fails implement the Directives there is legal initiation under the principle of direct effect. This was clearly established in the case of Francovich v Italy. In that case, the ECJ attributed liability to Italy for its failure to implement a Directive. The Easytalk was a private limited company that had been formed with help from the UK government.It was established in order to encourage students in the EU to come to the UK in order to learn English. This company advertised all over the EU universities by means of pamphlets, in which it was stated that the course instructors would be highly fit scholars in English with a great deal of teaching experience. A Directive was issued by the EU that prohibited the issuance of advertisements that misled and im parted false information. This Directive was to be implemented by January 2007.However, the UK government failed to implement this Directive by this deadline and in effect this Directive had been ignored by the UK government, because the latter was of the opinion that this Directive was unlawful. Subsequently, a French student, Antoine came to the UK and registered for a course that taught English. However, once the classes commenced, Antoine realized that the faculty comprised of students who were not qualified teachers of English as a foreign language.On being approached, the institute where he had enrolled refused to refund the fees paid by him. The direct effect of directives has been restrained by the concepts of vertical and even effect. Van Duyn and Ratti affirmed that directives only have vertical effect so that an individual who is affected by the states failure to implement a directive properly or not at all only has rights against the state and not against a non-state en tity or other individuals, as the directive imposes the obligation of implementation upon the state.Therefore a naiant limitation was placed upon the scope of the direct effect of directives. This principle was addressed in Marshall v mhoampton and South West Hampshire Health Authority , in which the applicant who was employed by the Health authority, was required to retire at the age of sixty two years, while men doing the same work did not have to retire until the age of sixty five years.Although under national law, by virtue of the Sex inconsistency Act, this was not discriminatory, she succeeded in her claim for unfair dismissal by relying on the Equal Treatment directive, which had not been implemented in the UK. This directive was sufficiently clear to have direct effect but the courts took the opportunity to confirm that a directive may not of itself impose obligations on an individual and that a provision may not be relied upon as such against such a person.Therefore si nce the health authority was an organ of the state, the directive had vertical direct effect. Since the answerer in this problem is a private limited company, the claimant cannot approach the Commission under the vertical direct effect. However, he can seek justice under the EU law by resorting to the procedure of indirect effect. Since, the UK government had not implemented the Directive the claimant can approach the national courts of the UK to compel the government to apply the Directive.In respect of damages, the ECJ further held in R v H. M. Treasury, ex parte British Telecommunications plc that parties who had sustained loss as a result of incorrect implementation of a directive by a state, could claim damages for the loss sustained on such an account. In contrast to this, if a state has failed to fulfill its obligations regarding Directives, whether by non-implementation or incorrect implementation, an individual cannot request invocation of the horizontal direct effect of a directive against another individual.Similarly the effectiveness of non-implemented or incorrectly-implemented directives that do not have direct effect through the horizontal limitation has been enhanced through the doctrine of indirect effect, which emerged from Von Colson . In this case the ECJ held that national courts are required to interpret their national law in light of the wording and the purpose of the directive so that the directive is given some effect despite the absence of proper domestic implementation.This principle may be used under two circumstances first, where the defendant is a state entity but a directive is not vertically directly effective as its provisions are insufficiently precise, conditional and require further state action for their implementation. Second, the provisions of a directive could be indirectly enforced against a non-state entity i. e. it could be applied horizontally as between individuals. The court was confronted with a horizontal situati on in Marleasing , in which this position was confirmed.Therefore, if national law was in existence that could be read in conformity with a non-implemented directive, then an individual could enforce a legal remedy against another individual through the interpretative route without seeking to enforce the directive directly and encountering the barrier to horizontal effect. In respect of the Easytalk institute the claimant can file a case for breach of contract and false representation in the UK courts in order to obtain redressal for the loss, damage and frustration caused to him.The question arises as to whether the aggrieved individuals can claim damages against the state in the national courts. The ECJ clarified that the state had to pay compensation for the damages caused due to non implementation of a Directive and that the conditions laid down for such claim of damages must not be less reasonable than what was stipulate for a domestic claim. Furthermore, the Member State shou ld not unduly complicate the claim process.

Critically Discuss the Impact of Classical and Positivist Theory on the Concepts and Practices of Policing

In this essay, Classical and Positivist theories of criminology will be explored and critically discussed to explore the imp act upons that they suck up had on modern twenty-four hour period policing, introduction of laws, and guard practice. The essay will first look at the history of the Classical Theory looking at Beccaria and Benthams classical school of criminology and its rationality in a brief section. Positivist theorists will then(prenominal)(prenominal) be identified and the surmisal will be discussed, forthlining the main thesis and pictures of both of the theories.How for each one supposition defines a criminal will then be taken into consideration and the relations of theories equal the broken windows opening (Wilson and Kelling 82), strike offling theory (Becker 1982), turn theory (Merton 1957) and rational choice theory (Homos 1961) will be affaird finishedout the essay to explore the loads that the classical and confident(p) theories have had on j urisprudence apprehensions like public order policing and club policing, touching on criminal legal expert systems and modern day police practice.Classical Criminological though back tooth be traced to the criminal justice system and the penal system. Beccarias 1764 humankindation on law-breaking and penaltys introduced a serious consideration into the harm caused to society by crime, and ideological delimit of the basis for punishments and the relationship between the state and the offender (Beccaria 2003). Beccaria Stated in his approach to the prevention of crime that it is often distilled down to three ideas, and that it is fundamentally a product of Certainty how likely punishment is to occur.Celerity How quickly punishment is inflicted. and Severity how frequently pain is inflicted (Newburn 2007). An new(prenominal) later criminologist Jeremy Bentham, then published writings on the penology and notions of rational free-willed character of offenders (Maguire et al 2002 ) and forwarded the study of crime in that the central concerns of free will and rational choice came together to attempt a more logical analysis of crime and suitable punishment.In the twilight years of the 19th century the emergence of the Italian school of criminology sparked a departure in thinking on the study of crime the schools founding member Cesare Lombroso introduced a holy bible of sorts into the criminological world in that he contributed to the introduction of scientific methodology in regard to the study of crime. Lombroso most notably introduced a biological positivism into the study of crime.An Atavistic Heredity (Lombroso 1911) in relation to the cause of offending where physical features were viewed as evidence of an innately criminal nature in a kind of criminal anthropology. His work was then continued and elucidate by two other Italian scholars Ferri (1856-1929) and Garofalo (1852-1934) (Newburn 2007).Ferri and Garofalo elaborated on the environmental factors that can also effect criminal behavior in relation to positivist criminology. Positivism carries the main assumptions that the methods of the natural sciences should and could be applied to the hearty world.Suggesting natural sciences should be used as the method base to analyse and conduct interrogation in relation to policing and policing concepts. Positivists believe that re attempt should consist of social knowledge and scientific knowledge by means of observation and scientific data. Facts must be uninvolved from values and usually, there is a preference for a use of quantitative data over qualitative (adapted from Bottoms 2000, cited in Newburn 2007). In 1913 Positivist theorist Charles pierce published a book called The English Convict.This book logged the study he undertook which took place over 13 years, the study involved examining 3,000 British convicts against a controlled assort of non-convict males to try and find out if the criminal could be categorised to a true figure of somebody, no significant physical differences were found between the two groups. (Goring 1913) Critical of this study and convinced that the criminal is organically inferior (Quoted in Brown et al 2004) Earnest Hooton conducted his own research into the criminal as a certain type of person and introduced Somatyping into positivist criminology.Somatyping involves the belief that evolution was dominated by superior types, arguing that a criminal had a certain type and evolution could eventually eradicate the criminal. Hooton was criticised for having poor data and an unrepresentative control group. However Hootons work then sparked this idea in the Positivist Criminology theorists as William Sheldon then looked into Somatypes further in 1949 (Newburn 2007) and concluded that there were three types of body a person has Endomorph, Mesomorph and Ectomorph.These body types were basically short and fat, Large and muscular and Lean and fragile. Sheldon argued that each of th ese body types was related to particular personality traits and that all individuals possessed varied traits however certain traits were more predominant than others. In modern day policing and criminology we use a theory called the labelling theory. This theory was first put forward by Howard Becker in 1963, Becker claimed that criminal elements are associated with physical appearance and the criminal becomes a label attached to a certain type of person.In 2011 it was common belief that a criminal wore a certain type of clothing which was a hooded jacket or Hoodie. Articles were even published in the newspapers like the Guardian (Guardian 2011) under title The power of the Hoodie. Amplified by the media this piece of clothing became an instant link to criminal behaviour and deviance. Positivist theory can be linked in here with the labelling theory to evidence the development in the idea of a Criminal type and show how in modern day policing we are using these theories to determin e and define the word criminal.Following the work of Emile Durkheim, Robert K Mertons Strain theory (1957) can also be linked into this concept as the positivist belief is that criminal behaviour can be encouraged by social physical and biological elements, the strain theory thesis is that pressure from social surroundings can encourage an individual to commit crime. If an individual is singled out by Somatype or through labelling theory, they may feel social strain or believe that they should become deviant which could actually pressure said individual into committing criminal acts.An example of where this kind of concept was familiar was when the London riots happened in 2011. Classical criminology however argues against the concept of a criminal being defined by a certain type. Bentham stated that every person has free will and is able to make a rational choice based on the situation they are in at the prison term and what they feel would be the hold exercise to take. Classic ism disagrees with the positivist view of a criminal only being a certain type of person and believes that the criminal derives from within any person.Everybody has free will, and the ability to make an informed decision on their actions in any situation they may be in, therefrom believing that the criminal is an element every person has the possibility to exploit instead of positivist theory of the criminal element being biologically distort into a persons DNA. Classicism had a major effect on the criminal justice system and penology, punishments were believed to be best given on account of the justness of the crime in question. This idea became the basis for our criminal justice systems today.With the introduction of the classical school of criminology the use of capital punishment and torture was on the reject and in their place the introduction of prison systems as core elements of the justice systems and punishment systems we have today.The abolishment of capital punishment has had an indescribably huge effect on our modern penal systems, the effects are vast however include the introduction of fundamental law like the Human Rights Act (HRA 1998). Acts like this are incredibly important in criminal trials and allow every person to have businesss to things like the right to a fair trial and the right to prohibition of torture.Classical criminology influenced these modern day laws as its theorists believed in the concept that the punishment for crime should be based on the scale of what has been done and should be appropriate to the crime itself. Classical Criminology has influenced the earnions of our prison systems as becoming the core element of the way we punish criminals instead of using inhumane methods through capital punishment by considering the scale of the crime and deciding on an appropriate sentence for the criminal.Here another theory can be looked at which has been shaped by the classicism theories and beliefs. This theory is the Ratio nal Choice theory (Homas 1961). the theory is based around the assumptions that criminal activity is committed by an individual after weighed up the jeopardize and reward of an action, if the person believes that the reward is greater than the risk they may be more likely to commit a crime than if the risk was greater than the reward. This theory is supportive of Benthams notes of free will and rational choice.Free will and rational choice can be used to help explain the way we police through public order. In a public order policing situation, like a protest or a riot every person who attends and participates does so out of their own free will, a protester may not riot because they may believe that the risk of being arrested is greater than the reward of violently voice their opinions.However positivism argues that a criminal is a definitive type of person and can be influenced by social physical or biological surroundings. These assumptions can be seen in the fortunes of rioting and fellowship crime.The London riots happened in 2011 and they escalated throughout the country with riots happening in places like Birmingham, Liverpool and Manchester as well as other locations. The reasons that these sparked off is because of the social influence that was pressuring younger people to join in, here the broken windows theory (Wilson and Kelling 82), labelling theory (Becker 1982), strain theory (Merton 1957) and rational choice theory (Homos 1961) can all be related through classicism and positivist views to our modern day policing methods.Broken windows theory states that a run down or infirm area can encourage crime, this relates to the positivist assumption of criminal behaviour being encouraged by the physical surroundings and the evidence of this happening in the London Riots is when all the shops had been broken into and fires had been started. The streets were wrecked and this would have encouraged acts of violence.Mertons strain theory and Beckers labell ing theory are also applicable here as the social strain of most young youths committing the crime would encourage more young people to commit crime, because the individuals could see crimes being committed around them without any action being taken, this would have further encouraged deviance as rational choice theory says the risk is lower than reward. These positivist based theories meant police in the London riots and most public order situations would target younger individuals to try and find criminal activity and arrests.The Classicism side of influence on Public Order would then come after the arrest in trial where they would be questioned why they had committed these crimes out of their own free will and then put through the justice system, being sentenced on the classical assumption that the punishment should be appropriate to the crime committed. Positivist assumptions can also be linked into the concept of community policing. Positivists believe that crime and criminal b ehaviour can be influenced through social and physical surroundings.Wilson and Kelling (1982) also believe this is the case as their broken windows theory looks at how the area a person lives in can affect their attitude towards crime and committing crime. Through the Classicism belief of community deterrence police practices have been introduced to arm the police with powers that they can use to their advantage against the war on crime. The Police and Criminal Evidence act (1984) and The Police Reform Act (2002) has seen the introduction of new police powers and a new national policing plan.These police practices include powers like stop and search. Stop and search gives the ability for any police constable to stop any citizen and search them if they believe they have reasonable grounds to do so. Classicism and Positivist theories have also had an effect on the way that we police our communities. PCSOs (police community support officers) were introduced in 2002 under the police ref orm act (2002) and help to improve community relations with the police.This police practice supports the positivist beliefs that criminals can be influenced through social and physical surroundings as better relationships are built with the community and things like team projects are created to improve derelict areas and social situations people may find themselves in by offering things like youth clubs and activities. This deters crime by drawing people away from delinquency and encouraging them to take part in constructive, positive activity.Theorist David Matza outlined that the positivist theory drew on three sets of problematic assumptionsthe first being Differentiationthe assumption that offenders can be separated from non-offenders by definitive characteristics, the second being Determinism the assumption that biological, physiologic or social factors affect the criminal and criminal behaviour and the third being Pathologythe assumption that an offender is an offender due to something going wrong in their lifetime (Tierney 1996).The problems of these views are that the fail to take into account the aspect of rationality, choice and human decision making. They define a criminal as a certain person, and if a person falls into the category of what has been defined by the positivist theory as a criminal it means that they must carry the traits of a criminal which is simply not true as proven by Charles Gorings work (1913). Classicism theory argues rational choice and free will, however what if a person has the impaired ability to make decisions and acts without being rational.Power and wealth is also a problem with the theory, if the classicism theory applied to all in the resembling sense then why is it that people who have less power and wealth tend to be the more predominant resident of the criminal justice system and not the wealthy. there are other factors that both these theories have not taken into consideration throughout their thesis, they are als o very much at opposite ends of the scale.The positivist theory says that criminals are a type of person and the classicism theory says that a criminal offence can be committed by anybody as well all have free will and rational choice. Without the Classical school of Criminology and The positivist theorists vital procedure and acts would not have been put into place that are fundamental today for the way our society and criminal justice system operates. Classicism changed the way we sentence criminals and the construct of our prison systems which are of prestigious importance to the modern justice system.Positivist theory has influenced the way we police in terms of public order and community policing through the introduction of the Human Rights Act (1998), the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (1984) and the Police Reform Act (2002). These acts have allowed the modern day police to be able to take the best assumptions from the classicism theorists and the best assumptions from the p ositivists and use them to create a criminal justice system that incorporates the best of each theory into the police practices and concepts that are used from day to day in modern day policing.

Lecture Ready – Chapter 4 – Lecture Outline

Bui Ng? c Minh Anh BABAUH11045 Listening AE1 Chapter 4 Lecture trace TOPIC Technology is changing the medicament industry. I. Democritization of music industry 1. Making of music a. Professional tools of recording studio on personal computers. b. No durable needs a recording company to dissemble high-quality recordings. 2. Promotion of music a. On the internet, anyone can be a critic. b. People post preview, opion and their music conk out on music sites, blogs or create their own audio blogs. . Promotion tools has been popularize. 3. Distribution of music a. MP3 files the most popular way to get music. b. There ar many sites to buy single or album of music. c. Files sharing P2P networks sharing both over the world. II. Copyright (The U. S. laws and international agreements on ownership and rights to distribute property) 1. Tools make music lightheaded to record, promote, distribute also make it easy to steal. 2.P2P networks can be used in legal way, however, 90% of music downloaded violates copyright masses trade music illegally. 3. How to stop, or reduce copyright infringement a. Music companies and musicians believe that its needed to restrict file-sharing on the internet Companies that make it easy to share file and make money from it should not be allowed to operate. Should nstall security devices that make it harder to copy and share files to protect the companies and musicians rights. . The file-sharing sites and technology companies disagree to restrict all uses to protect copyright The free flow of information led to some of the most technological advances of the world. Restrict internet sharing not only edge the file sharing but also limit the innovation. c. Other group of people think that its needed to have new models for how to pay artists and the music companies, that restrict file-sharing just wont work.

Bacterial Staining

Certain corrupts can also be used to identify internal structures of the stall, which would otherwise be unseen. Further, in order to use the crude oil immersion objective of the microscope and thereby obtain the iratest degree of magnification, it is convenient to use stained preparations rather than wet mounts. L Although bacterium do not issue greatly different from their surroundings, they differ chemically. It is this chemical difference that enables us to distinguish bacteria by staining, the stain or dye readily reacting with the bacterial cell but not with the background. Preparation of Smear Before Staining (figure 1) 1. Prepare a clean slide. Put a proper label. 2. Heat your loop to sterilize it. 3. For solid media 0 Using a sterile inoculating loop, place a 1 or 2 loophole of distilled water on the enter of the slide. 0 Scrape a small amount of the culture off the slant. 0 Smear on the center of the slide, with the distilled water, the scraped material. For liquid me dia 0 Make a maculation from the broth. You dont have to add water as the bacteria are already suspended in water. use of goods and services 2 or 3 loophole of the culture. 0 shell out the culture on the center of the slide. 4. Reheat the loop to clean it. 5. Let the derogate dry. air dry heat fix- passing the slide through a flame 2 or 3 times Figure 1. Preparation of smear. Classification of Stain Based on Functions 1. Simple Staining Method In this system one aniline dye is used to stain the organism to be studied. 2. Differential Staining Method Under this type of classification, the staining method employed divides the microorganism into groups.The grammes Staining Method and Acid-Fast (Zilch-Nielsen Method) fall under this category. 3. Selective or Special Staining Method Under this category, parts or portion of the cell are stained differently from the rest of the cell. 4. Indirect Staining Method Indirect stains are also relief stains because it is the background which takes up the taint, not the organism and the organism are only seem by contrast. 2 Examples of Staining Simple Staining Methods Use only 1 stain. Use to determine cell morphology, size and arrangement.Procedure a. Make a smear. B. Staining 1. Place the slide on a staining rack. 2. Flood the smear with several drops of the dye, deliver it to remain for the following intervals Carbon-fuchsia 15 to 30 seconds Methyl Blue 2 to 5 minutes Crystal violet 30 to 45 seconds 3. Carefully break the excess stain off with distilled water from a wash bottle. Let the water run down the tilted slide. 4. Gently blot the smear with a root word towel or absorbent paper and let it dry. C. View the prepared slide under the microscope. Results and reaction Reaction / Results Principle Samples of Bacteria tout ensemble bacteria in smear takes stain Simple stains use basic dyes All types of and appears in color of stain which are positively bacteria. Charged. These positive dyes 0 Shape int eract with the slightly 0 Spherical coca negatively charged bacterial 0 Rod bacilli cell debate thus bring the color 0 Arrangement of the dye to the cell wall. 0 Coca in clusters staphylococci 0 Coca in chains thyrotrophic 2. A.Grams Stains most putting surface technique the gram stain is valid only when performed on young (less than 24 hours old) cultures of bacteria Procedurel b. Gram staining Steps theatrical role 1. Use a clothespin or slide rack to hold the slide. 3 2. C everyplace the smear with crystal violet and leave for 30 seconds. 3. washables the slide carefully with distilled water from a wash bottle. O do not squirt the water directly Primary stain all bacteria are stained purple. Onto the smear 4. Without drying, cover the smear with Grams iodine for 30 seconds. 5.Without washing, decolonize with 95% ethyl intoxicant. Let the alcohol run through the smear until no large amount of purple wash out. O do not over decolonize 6. Immediately wash with distilled water. 7. Add seafaring for 30 seconds. Mordant this intensifies the ionic bond between the primary stain and the Primary stain is washed out of some bacteria, while others are unaffected. Secondary stain or countersink stains the decolonize bacteria red. 8. Wash with distilled water and blot the slide with a paper towel or absorbent paper. Let dry. C. dig into under the microscope. 9.Results Reactions / Result Gram cell wall are thick and chemically costive (+) simple, composed mainly of 0 purple protein and cross-linked colored minicomputers alcohol causes dehydration and shrinkage of the gram+ cell wall reducing the loss of substances such as crystal violet Aggregative (-) 0 pink wall is a thin, complex, multilayered structure containing protein, minicomputers and lipids when treated with alcohol, the lipid dissolves and the primary stain is wash out Samples of Bacteria Gram positive coca in clusters (figure AAA) Staphylococci species Gram positive bacilli (figure ad) Colos tomies species Crematoriums Bacillus anthracicGram negative coca in chains Streptococci Gram negative coca (figure 4 Engineers species Gram negative bacilli (figure c) Escherichia coli Kielbasa pneumonia b d Figure 2. Different observations in Grams Staining. (a)gram+ coca in clusters (b)gram + coca in chains (c)gram- bacilli (d)gram+ bacilli (e)gram- coca. (f)gram stain mixed 5 B. Acid Fast Stain (Zilch Nielsen Stain)l ,5 0 to stain Mycobacterium species especially M. Tuberculosis Contain large amount of fatty waxes (mycology acid) within their cell wall resists staining by ordinary methods 0 Procedure 1. Flood smear with Carbon Fuchsia Carbon Fuchsia is a lipid soluble, stain. Heinlein compound, which is able to penetrate the cell wall. 2. Cover flooded smear with filter paper 3. Steam for 10 minutes. Add more Carbon Fuchsia stain as needed. 4. Cool slide. 5. Rinse with distilled water. 6. Flood slide with acid alcohol (leave 15 The waxen cell wall then prevents the second s). The acid alcohol contains stain from being removed by the acid 3% HCI and 95% ethanol or piddle alcohol (decolonize) once it has SIS. Penetrated the cell wall. The acid alcohol decolonize will remove the stain from all other cells. . Tilt slide 45 degrees over the sink and add acid alcohol drop wise (drop by drop) until the red color stops streaming from the smear. 8. Rinse with distilled water

Nvq Level 5 Leadership Essay

2Be fitted to implement and monitor conformation with health, arctic and luck contestment requirements in health and social care or children and young batchs settings 2.1see moreexplain why it is important for emergency first aid tasks sole(prenominal) to be carried out by qualified. Demonstrate compliance with health, preventive and risk charge procedures2.2. persist others to comply with legislative and organisational health, safety and risk management policies, procedures and practices relevant to their work2.3Explain the actions to take when health, safety and risk management, procedures and practices are not being complied with2.4Complete records and reports on health, safety and risk management issues harmonise to legislative and organisational requirements3Be able to lead the implementation of policies, procedures and practices to manage risk to individuals and others in health and social care or children and young peoples settings 3.1Contribute to development of pol icies, procedures and practices to identify, assess and manage risk to individuals and others3.2Work with individuals and others to assess potential risks and hazards3.3Work with individuals and others to manage potential risks and hazards4Be able to promote a culture where needs and risks are balanced with health and safety practice in health and social care or children and young peoples settings 4.1Work with individuals to balance the management of risk with individual rights and the views of others4.2Work with individuals and others to develop a balanced approach to risk management that takes into discover the benefits for individuals of risk taking4.3Evaluate own practice in promoting a balanced approach to risk management4.4Analyse how helping others to understand the balance between risk and rights improves practice5Be able to improve health, safety and risk management policies, procedures and practices in health and social care or children and young peoples settings 5.1Obtai n feedback on health, safety and risk management policies, procedures and practices from individuals and others5.2Evaluate the health, safety and risk management policies, procedures and practices within the work setting.5.3Identify areas of policies, procedures and practices that need improvement to ensure safety and tribute in the work setting.5.4Recommend changes to policies, procedures and practices that ensure safety and protection in the work setting

Breaking Through Essay

Success is not final, stroke is not fatal its the courage to continue that counts(Winston Churchill). Life is dependent on our dreams. If you ever expire along the way to your success, youll be tempted to get yourselves right back and continue your journey. Although, if ever found yourself to be successful, would you stop there? Or would you have the courage to continue and set higher goals for yourself? In the appropriate good luck through with(predicate) in which Francisco Jimenez is the main character and author, he faces some(prenominal) obstacles. Although, Francisco has encountered multiple obstacles, he has many characteristics, which are being responsible, challenging and respectful.Francisco has faced many dilemmas in his life, yet theyve made Francisco a stop person at the end of the day. Francisco has countless of characteristics. Although the ones in which stood out the most would be being responsible, ambitious and respectful. Francisco has a large number of chara cteristics, which make him such an admirable character in the book Breaking Through. The first characteristic that plays a big role in Franciscos character would be being responsible. Franciscos dreams are to go to college and have a better future for himself and his family. Although his home station and him being emigrate from Mexico, struggling with English cause him to face many obstacles before he reaches his goal. due(p) to his home situation, Francisco learns to be very responsible. one(a) perfect example would be when Roberto and Francisco come back to Bonnetti spread head with out their parents.Roberto and Francisco had to go to school and work and lastly save money to send to their parents back at Mexico. Francisco says, The sounds of atomic number 91s coughing, the rattle of his aspirin bottle, and the rolling of Mamas twelve-inch lead pipe as she pressed dough to make tortillas were absent. Francisco says (19) The second characteristic Francisco has would be is being very ambitious with part his family and his personal goals like attending college. Francisco has eternally loved learning but English has not always been easy for him to learn. Although Francisco has other responsibilities apart from school he works in thefields and with Mike Nevel. One example that shows how ambitious Francisco is when he runs for student body president. Regardless of Franciscos other obligations he was fixed to make time for school priorities. If I run and win, Id have to study more in the evenings after work, sleep less, and skip some school dances. Francisco says (140)Lastly, the third characteristic that stood out to me as well is Francisco is very loyal. Francisco and papa have different opinions almost the future. Although papa would prefer for Francisco to not impart for college, Francisco always has Papas wishes in his heart. Every decision he makes or takes into consideration, Francisco always thinks about how will it affect his family finically or emotionally. One example to this characteristic would be when Francisco is at his second semester of his fourth-year year. When his fellow classmates are sharing their options on what university they might attend.Although not for Francisco, he is positive about Papa not letting him continue his education beyond high school. Some were going to the University of California at Santa Barbra or UCLA. Others got into Fresno state but were waiting to hear from Berkeley. I did not share their enthusiasm. I had to stopover at home and continue helping my family. Francisco says (163) In conclusion, although Francisco has many characteristics that are shown in Breaking Through the ones that stood out the most me were being responsible, ambitious, and loyal. Characteristics are what make us a good or no-count person at the end of the day. Also, its meant for us to show other people are latent in life or other wise.

How Is the Story Told in Chapter 1 of the Great Gatsby Essay

Throughout chapter one of The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald varies in technique to tell the story. He uses the extension chip Carraway to start off the chapter by having him narrate. And throughout Chapter 1 we argon introduced to many other characters such(prenominal) as Tom, Jordan, Daisy and Gatsby. The use of narrational voice is very important in The Great Gatsby as Fitzgerald has get tod the character Nick, non only to narrate the story, but also be a key person in the novel.This adds a personal touch, but it could also make parts of story bias or inaccurate. We get hinted at this inaccuracy when Nick says I go for been drunk twice in my life, and the second time was that afternoon. We basin see that his narration may be inaccurate as he was under the influence of alcohol, so he may non be able to remember parts of the story so well. to each one character is described through the narrators voice and therefore the perceptions and thoughts of each character are effected by Nic k and his views. The personal delivery of the story compels us to read on.This is down to Nicks creative style of telling the story. Fitzgerald has created the character Nick to essentially tell the story and to have the opportunity to add personal judgements. Although the character repeatedly admits that he doesnt make these judgements this is a at odds(p) statement, and throughout the first chapter Nick continually breaks this. The first few pages can be described as a brief summary of Nick Carraway and his life where as a reader we begin to create and establish our perceptions of his character.Through the early summary, In my younger and much , Nick is summarising his life it is as if he is shortening and quickly describing snap shots of his life. Fitzgerald has created the character of Nick as a participant of the story, although he is to a greater extent of a spectator. The brief beginning summary is then followed by And so it happened that on a untoughened windy evening.. which can mark the beginning of the narrative and again shows the clever way that Fitzgerald has used Carraways character as a participant and a writer of the Gatsby story.This narrative technique focuss the readers attention and creates a link between the reader and the character of Nick as it feels like he is personally relaying the story. Whereas through the later stages of the Chapter the other girl, Daisy, made an attempt is much more descriptive and film like. Overall Fitzgerald uses different techniques to tell the story on Chapter 1. One of these being, having Nick not just be a narrator but also a character. This adds to the overall delivery of not just Chapter 1 but the whole novel.

Philosophy Matrix

University of Phoenix Material Philosophy Matrix Historical Developments Principal Issues Field translation Schools Of Thought Key Contributors Metaphysics The study of being The nature Plato developed the theory of Monism Pythagoras Metaphysics Questions about the of being and what forms and introduced misgiving Materialism Parmenides nature of reality characteristics make up being about reality.Aristotle coined Idealism Heraclitus Nature of last-ditch reality the word metaphysics. Augustine Dualism Zeno Permanence and Change harmonise Platonism with Empedocles Appearance and reality Christianity. doubting Thomas reconciled Anaxagoras Nature of human reality Aristotle with Christianity.The Plato Mind-body problems Scientific Revolution Aristotle Freedom and de margininism Intelligent design versus Plotinus evolution Augustine Hypatia Aquinas Anselm Descartes Hobbes Hume Kant Kierkegaard Conway Spinoza Leibniz James Moral The study of ethics The Aristotle develops a system of Ethical skepticism descriptive Plato, What is a incorrupt judgment? nature, criteria, sources, ethics. Roman influence Relativism Egoism Hedonism Aristotle What is morall(a)y right or unconventional? logic, and validity of moral Epicureanism and stoicism ethicsEpicureanism Stoicism Epictetus, value become Christianized The Age of Augustine Reason. Hildegard, Hobbes Hume, Kant, Bentham, Mill brotherly The study of society and its Greek democracy Natural law Natural Law Contractarian theoryAugustine How should institutions, including what becomes Christianized and is environmental philosophy Aquinas goods be distributed in a would make up an ideal society. seen as the moral law of God. Hobbes society? Environmental concerns Social Rousseau Do people h ave natural rights? justice metalworker Taylor Mill Moore Rawls Nussbaum Political The study of the state, its Greek democracy Platos RepublicDemocracy Constitutional system Plato What form of political state is justification, and how to Social contract Separation of Classic Liberalism Marxism Aristotle best? organize it ethically power Anarchism Libertarianism Machiavelli Can a g everyplacenment restrict the Objectivism Locke liberty of its citizens? Hegel Marx Nozick Rand Structuralism The study of the rules and de Saussure apply Semiotics Saussure Levi-Strauss Study of the deep structure of conventions of the language andlinguistics to epistemology. language Levi-Strauss applied Saussures cultural mythology that govern methods to cultural large social systems. mythology. Deconstruction The study of the assumptions Derrida argued against Free gip of signifiers Derrida Seeks to expose assumpti ons about about language, including the structuralism. language and multiple meanings certainty, identity, and truth Literary criticism. of text. east The study of the philosophical Vedic culture Travels of Hinduism Vedas, Upanishads Siddhartha Gautama Buddha Self-realization, Unity of mind traditions of Hinduism, Confucius and Lao Tzu Spread Buddhism Four Noble Truths, and Buddhism, of Buddhism from India to China octuple Body, Harmony of man and Confucianism, and Taoism. & Japan Spread of Islam Path Taoism Confucianism Islamic environment transcendentalists embrace philosophy Eastern thought Parliament of World Religions begins spread f Eastern thought in America Postcolonial The synthetic thinking of the Colonization during the 18th andPan-African philosophy Senghor Social justice Preservation of disciplines of philosophy with 19th centuries. As countries African-American thought Latin Hountondji oral account statement and tr adition the gained freedom, their thinkers American thought Tutu Liberation of all peoples. indigenous cultures of Africa, sought social King the Americas, and Asia. justice and recognition. Hooks feminism The study of the philosophical start wave Pioneers of feminismLiberal Feminism Radical Wollstonecraft Equal rights canon as reconstructed and Feminism Lesbian Feminism Taylor Moral theory and revised to be inclusive of Second wave Activists from socialist Feminism Black De Beauvoir gender development issues Sexism women and womens issues. 1960s to 1980s Feminism Post-feminism Gilligan and language.Revisiting other terce wave 1990s to present, Chodorow schools of including younger women for whom Irigaray philosophy from a feminist feminism is an established Kristeva perspective. Heritage. Cixous Directions Complete the holy matrix and then write a 350- to 500-word response for each of the following questions What is one example of how the sphe rical integration of cultures has affected contemporary philosophical thinking? A manner of analyzing globalization in historical standpoint has to do with the economic and social account of global affairs, and especially with the biography of past stages of agile boost in global trade, investment, communication, and authority. There have been more than a few such instances over the past centuries that come to mind. Among is the export and investment explosions of the 1860s and the earlier part of the twentieth century are still a couple of the more remarkable instances. (2000) The history of these early periods, and of the institutions with which they were connected, is of substantial contemporary attention.Nonetheless, international history has to be far more than the history of the affairs involving states in the context of their international relations, or their conflicts, or their invasions and domains. It is in excess of the history of exports and imports among countries. (2002) It is over a comparative history. It have to be a history of affairs involving persons and customs, as well as people who belong to quite a lot of divers(prenominal) cultures all together or who shift among diverse identities, modes of speech, home nations, and even nationalities. Characteristics of Globalization Globalization, has acquired considerable affectional force. Globalization has its own meaning from different individuals.For some, globalization is a process that is beneficial, i. e. a key to the approaching world economic development and also inevitable and irreversible. Others regard it with hospitality even fear, believing that it increases unlikeness within and between nations or organizations, threatens employment and living standards and thwarts social progress. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal maven is a social change, an increase in connections among societies and their elements due to, among others, the explosive evolution of transport a nd communication technologies. The term is applied to many social, cultural, commercial and economic activities.

Reluctant Fundamentalist Essay

In The Reluctant Fundamentalist, Mohsin Hamid uses a variety of literary devices to shit the tone of astonishment and agitation. By doing so, Mohsin Hamid also develops a theme of change. All these literary features combine to make an enthralling page-turner. cardinal literary device used by the compose to create restlessness in the lector is diction. The author intentionally uses words to create discomfort in the reader. The twin towers of New Yorks World passel center collapsed. And accordingly I make a faced. Yes, worthless as it may sound (4-6).The fact that the protagonist smiles at Americas misfortune only puts the reader at unease. Furthermore, the author himself suggests that the smile was a despicable reaction. However by making the reader anxious, Mohsin Hamid does only but one thing lure in the reader to continue reading. This quote also denotes Changezs change towards America. This is because, although Changez was the product of an American university (he) was ea rning a compensable American salary (he) was infatuated with an American woman (28-30) his initial reaction to this incident was a smile.The repeat of the word American only creates the motif that Changez has supposedly become American. However after the attack, Changezs smile only suggests otherwise thereby creating the theme of change. Another literary device used by Mohsin Hamid to create a sense of confusion is the use of ambiguity through dramatic monologue. It is hateful to hear some other person gloat over ones countrys misfortune. But surely you cannot be completely innocent of such feelings yourself (22-24). Because the American does not speak, the reader is forced to create the personality of the American in his or her own mind. Thus, when the protagonist accuses the American of being guilty of such feelings, the protagonist is fundamentally accusing the reader of those feelings. The ambiguity of this quote further agitates the reader, yet at the same time forces the rea der to continue reading in hope of finding more truths about the readers self. unitary more technique the author uses to develop the theme of change as well as restrain the reader to continue reading is foreshadowing.After reflecting on his reaction to the attack, Changez still doesnt bed wherefore he smiled So why did part of me desire to see America harmed? I did not know, then (30-31). Although Changez is not sure why he smiled at the present time, this quote indicates that later on, the reader exit find out why he smiled another reason requiring the reader to finish reading the book. at the same time however, the author also foreshadows a lot of change is about to take place since we already know Changez is back in Pakistan and telling this story to an American at a Pakistani cafe.Literary devices and techniques be abundant in this passage, though they all merge to create a sense of perplexity and irony. At the same time however, they all merge to create the theme of cha nge. Though all this contrariness manifestly obliges the reader to continue reading the book. Not only will the reader finally understand Changezs reaction to the attack but the reader will also discover new truths about him or herself as he/she continues to read the book.

IPad's Security Breach Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IPads Security Breach - Assignment ExampleNonetheless, education associated with online e-commerce transactions and quote cards was available on the data servers that but not linked to the website. Similarly, m either applicants have apply for recent job openings at the studio, their resumes were also stolen, revealing educational background, home address and contact numbers. However, the brass section claimed that only email addresses are stolen. The companies accounted that only email addresses are stolen. However, the organization declared that the protective covering of the website was nigh updated. The concerned personnel of the organization stated, We take the security of our websites extremely seriously and employ strict measures, which we scrutiny regularly, to guard against this sort of incident (Square enix 25,000 email addresses taken in deus ex website hack). The statement given by the concerned personnel of the organization was not credible as the security breach clearly show loopholes in their security architecture. One more incident related to website hacking took place in which some position areas of the website were breached. The name of the website was daily Telegraph. It was hacked by Romanian hackers. Moreover, the areas that were hacked includes knaves named as Short Breaks and Wine and Dine correspondingly. The methodology and engineering science that was used to attack the site was not found. A researcher named as Chris Boyd illustrated description of the pages that were hacked. The contents of the page were sick of seeing garbage like this calling us Romanians gypsies (Daily telegraph website hacked by aggrieved romanians). The survey cogitate and justified the real world factors related to website hacking as it has its own place in the field of hacking. In order to protect websites from vulnerabilities and threats, security measures are contendd. Moreover, websites providing e-commerce services are even more vulnerable and require most updated security controls in place. 2 Ethics Statement Hacking is related to explore a security flaw that has not been addresses before. Generally, information security professionals take hacking as a concept of stealing and destroying data or any incident related to criminal activities. However, hacking illustrates brilliance of an individual to demonstrate his knowledge on the network domain as well as on the application domain. All the critical inventions associated with information security are evaluated due to hacking attacks (Introduction to computer ethics). One part of accepting hacking as a neat cause is to strengthen the security architecture, but on the other hand, hacking has the capacity to facilitate individuals to steal extremely confidential information from servers located in organization as well as stealing cash in hand by credit cards and bank account. Hacking ethics are important for an organization to address. As Stephen bill from the MIT depar tment and Stanford, illustrated factors related to ethical hacking, which are as follows (Introduction to computer ethics) Administrative access must be granted to every network resource, computing device and nodes. There will be no restrictions for accessing any kind of information from or within the network along with free of cost. There will be no file access security framework and full privileges must be given for accessing change

Position of OPEC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Position of OPEC - Essay ExampleOPEC has found its geopolitical strength and has realized its power suddenly and has become an important force playing an important get out in regions like Asia and Africa. It has brought the huge multinational oil color companies under control who could provoke done so many wrong acts otherwise, but now they all are on their knees, OPEC has made them merely unfertile in the decision-making process, which is a good sign as there aim of profitability can pose many other economies. It has forced the Western nations to have its favor on numerous occasions. There is a growing recognition in the Western world that the industrialized countries cannot solve the problems of chronic inflation and stinting stagnation permanently unless they force OPEC to abandon its stand of raising oil scathes ever higher and sever supplies to the oil consuming nations, but imagine what they could have done if OPEC was not there.The dependence on OPEC change magnitude c onsiderably in the coupled States during the last decade and a half. According to a study by the Federal Energy Administration (FEA), U.S. oil imports raised 150 part between 1968 and 1973, from about 2.5 one million million barrels a day in 1968 to 6.3 mb/d in 1973. Imports from the Arab oil producing countries were raised to 31.9 portion in 1976 from a negligible 2 per centum of total U.S. oil imports in 1970. On the whole, the credit of the United States on foreign oil had increased disturbingly. In 1970, the United States depended on foreign oil for 23 percent of its total oil consumption, which was quite clearly showing what could have happened in no oil situation. In 1974, the figure was raised to 37 percent, and in 1976, oil imports were about 44 percent of total U.S. consumption. In 1977, the oil imports reached the pinnacle at an average of 8.7 mb/d. That represented approximately 48 percent of the total domestic come forth, which averaged 18.4 mb/d in that year. The FEAs figures also showed that the consumption of oil in United States was raised by 3.7 percent in 1976 as compared to 1975, with gasoline use advancing at 6.7 percent and distillate by 7.9 percent. At the same time, the domestic production during 1975 and 1976 had decreased from 8.24 mb/d of crude oil to 7.93 mb/d. The nations refineries ran at 86 percent of capacity in that period compared to 87.1 percent in 1975, which is a considerable difference in the short run. It has also been identified that the Arab nations and Nigeria were increasing their trade of the U.S. market while the nations traditional suppliers such as, Venezuela and Canada were contributing a smaller share, fundamentally because of the high price of Canadian oil and the restricted output of Venezuela. It was for the first time in 1976 that Saudi Arabia had overtaken Venezuela as the United States chief overseas supplier of crude oil. On the other hand countries like Algeria and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) h ave all increased their shipments, while Canada is pointing out its shipments to the United States. The conditions took a big change during 1979-1981. Suddenly, the oil crisis gave a rise to the oil surplus, it was perhaps due to the remarkable changes in the balance between demand and supply which is the base of economics and also famous for changing any countrys fate.