Managing Knowledge and Learning Essay

Managing Knowledge and Learning at NASA and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Summary National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was established by Congress on October 1, 1958, in order for the United States to keep up with the technological advancements achieved from former Soviet Union’s successful launch of the Sputnik (1957). The Apollo Era-Mission had risen from the support of John F. Kennedy’s goal, which was â€Å"landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth. † Prioritization at NASA evolved into the center’s motto of â€Å"Faster, Better, Cheaper† (FBC), which was mandated in the Goldin Era beginning in 1992. NASA shifted priorities from: 1) performance, 2) schedule and 3) cost to 1) increase mission performance, 2) cut cost and 3) work force reduction. However, this reform was not as successful as planned. From 1992 and 2000, six of 16 FBC missions failed. To address concern of the impact of failed missions and impending retirements of many of the most experienced NASA employees, Congress enforced that the agency search for the solution to Knowledge Management (KM) and promoting learning initiatives at NASA-JPL. NASA’s KM tools were mainly IT systems of Internet-based databases and portals for ease of lessons. The NASA KM crisis was attributed to the organization’s inability to document experiences of failures and successes of missions or projects; ultimately incapable of capturing the â€Å"experiential knowledge† from expert engineers and scientists. In addition, this lack in KM was due to â€Å"privatizing knowledge† and promoting creativity, that stemmed from NASA’s culture where competition among centers for projects and funding was the norm. Several KM Initiatives were developed including project libraries for document and data management, developing standards, establishing databases to find experts, ask technical questions, and to capture history and legacy reviews. 1) What were the pros and cons of the â€Å"Faster, Better, Cheaper† model? How might outcomes (both positive and negative) of projects executed with this model impact NASA’s stakeholders, i. e. Congress and the general public? The â€Å"Faster, Better, and Cheaper (FBC)† objectives were to cut cost and maximize mission performance. There were several advantages of the FBC reform. FBC allowed compressed development and launch schedules that lead to an increase in the number of missions. Mission time could be reduced from decades to a few years. The number of NASA projects increased from four to 40 under the FBC model. An increase in mission projects was thought to lead to additional discoveries so that NASA could gain further wisdom and space knowledge. FBC missions were changed from one big project to multiple smaller projects. Dividing the program into smaller projects helped to minimize the pressure and stress on the team if a mission failed. Furthermore, one mission failure did not consequently lead to the failure of the entire program. FBC practice allowed senior managers more freedom to implement FBC the way they found fit which promoted creativity and autonomy among senior managers. FBC also reduced the cost of each mission and NASA’s overall budget. For example, the Mars program budget was reduced from one billion dollars to $260 million. There are numerous disadvantages of the FBC reform. Applying the FBC model could lead to more mission failures. During the FBC era, there were 6 failed missions out of 16 FBC missions. Cost and schedule constraints, insufficient risk assessment, planning, and testing, underestimation of complexity and technology maturity, inattention of quality and safety, inadequate review processes, engineering, under-trained staff, poor team communication, and design errors all attributed to NASA’s mission failures. Projects conducted â€Å"faster† does not allow for adequate documentation, time for redlining the project, and recording lessons learned from one mission to the next. This could result in repeated mistakes that could be avoided by future missions. Missions carried out faster do not allow time for mentorship and sharing of knowledge. Also, the term â€Å"better† was not properly defined and was open to interpretation, which may negatively impact maintaining standard procedures and processes. The results of the FBC vision could impact NASA’s stakeholders in several ways. The increase in smaller successful missions would alleviate the risk of one large failure, although any failures will have a negative impact on stakeholders. Congress could be discouraged to provide support and funding for major space programs if they fail but might be more likely to fund smaller missions. The public could either lose or gain confidence, support, and belief in the space program depending on the magnitude of success or failure. FBC mission are less expensive which would decrease NASA’s budget and help satisfy both Congress and the general public by reducing the need for extra taxation by Congress and collection of taxes from the general public. 2) Why was the Mars Pathfinder project so successful? Explain how Anthony Spears management style impacted future missions. Project management was the key to success of the Mars Pathfinder project. It began as an experiment to test the validity of the FBC reform mandated in 1992 when Daniel Goldin was assigned as the new administrator of NASA. A clear and specific plan for the Pathfinder mission was laid out in the beginning and followed through until the end. Analogous to the success of Cisco’s ERP implementation, Anthony Spears, an excellent manager and thought leader with years of experience at NASA, gained the support of top management and the JPL institution (Spears, 1999). Spears developed a unique balance of an advisory committee of experts to support and guide the difficult project, while he recruited talented, yet naive, energetic youngster’s to do what some more experienced people thought impossible. As Spears writes in his lessons learned report it was â€Å"†¦a blend of bright, ambitious youth and scarred old timers, each challenged and empowered, all working each issue together†¦ † (1999). Together, they created a team that bonded and worked together successfully. Spears’ goal was not only the success of the Pathfinder project, but of the FBC program success, unlike the vision of future project managers. The success of Pathfinder did not translate well in future FBC missions. Risk management and testing were important to the Mars Pathfinder success. While the Mars Pathfinder team worked together successfully, the younger players went on to think they were great project managers themselves, but still hadn’t learned enough to manage their next missions successfully. In future FBC projects, some reasons for failure were poor team communication, inadequate or under-trained staff or insufficient testing in 70% of missions and insufficient risk assessment and planning on 86% of missions (exhibit 4). 3) One of the major issues in this case is the retirements of experts. Why is this a problem for NASA? Would it be less of a problem in a different type of organization? Suggest immediate steps that NASA could take to mitigate the problem. Explain your choices. By 2006 half of NASA’s workforce was eligible for retirement which could lead to a major loss of knowledge, especially tacit information, diminishing the collective wisdom of the organization. A senior manager at NASA states, â€Å"we have no formal process for transferring knowledge† from thought leaders to new managers and IT systems had not yet been sufficient in transferring â€Å"experiential knowledge† to the younger generation. Unfortunately, this would be true in many organizations unless they had sufficient knowledge management systems in place and a culture where sharing knowledge was valued and encouraged. In order to mitigate the problem of losing their knowledge base, NASA not only needs to continue to implement their KM strategy, but truly change the culture. Experienced project leaders and Subject Matter Experts (SMEs), such as design engineers, should openly share their knowledge and not just when asked for it. I support several of the planned KM initiatives such as the capture of information by improving documentation, development of an enterprise web-based portal, and the Knowledge Sharing Initiative (KSI) aimed at changing the companies’ culture. In addition to these activities, an exit strategy could be developed for retiring employees where they must follow standard procedures for employing case-based reasoning in an online database employing a searchable classification system. Additional knowledge could be disseminated by those eligible through training sessions. A reward system should be coupled to these exit requirements and could be increased if the employee decides to be available in the Expert Connections directory of SME’s that could be contacted for support after they leave. New positions might need to be created for dedicated knowledge managers such as Chief knowledge officers. It’s also possible that NASA could obtain some replacement of lost experts by collaborating with space programs in other countries. Collecting the information from experts must be coupled with management support of a corporate wide schema to store the data, methods of dissemination, and apply the information to ultimately make better decisions on projects that involve risking people’s lives. 4) Jean Holm had two options she could choose from: 1) upgrade the IT systems or, 2) change the culture. Which would you choose and why? Is there a third option? Explain your answer. In order for Holm’s to truly have a successful knowledge management system in place, implementation of a hybrid system should be in place; enforcing both upgrade to IT systems occurring simultaneously with changing the private culture into a shared one. Integration of both, changing the culture and IT upgrades will be a lengthy process so it would be critical to first strategically plan for cultivating and managing formal processes for knowledge transfers. Implementing formal processes such as required protocols, reports, standard operating procedures (SOPs) and work instructions for each mission or project should be enforced from every high-level management as it might help with the KM transfer crisis. Once every item has been completed by the high-level management it would be placed into the appropriate IT systems database in conjunction with the integration of the required knowledge management video synopsis from experienced engineers and scientist who exit the centers. Curriculums would be in place with learning modules with specific need encapsulating these protocols, reports, SOPs, work instructions and video synopsis would then be posted on the intranet, ready for the potential novice engineers and scientists entering the NASA work force; making the system more enriched and meaningful. 5) President Obama is implementing changes to NASA’s charter, which will create new ways of funding/executing projects than NASA is used to. Do a little online research. Do you agree or disagree in this change of direction? Explain. Caution; this is not to be addressed as a political issue) The Obama administration’s new NASA charter includes a couple of key parts: A) In February 2010, the Obama administration canceled the Constellation Program, which was started by former President George W. Bush’s administration in 2004. This program aimed to put US astronauts back on the moon by 2020, for the first time since the final Apollo mission. B) In April 2010, Obama proposed increasing NASA’s overall budget by about $6 billion over five years and shifting NASA’s aim for manned space program to Mars (from the moon). By the mid 2030s, â€Å"I believe we can send humans to orbit Mars and return them safely to Earth. And landing on Mars will follow,† he said. C) He also challenged the commercial space industry to take up the routine tasks that NASA would abandon – such as ferrying astronauts to and from the space station. I do not agree with him on the part A and Part B of the new charter. The Constellation Program is already 5 year old, and has spent $9. 1 billion. It has already made significant progress and will help America maintaining its space leadership position over Russia and China. On the other hand, I think that it will set a foundation for manned space mission to Mars. Obama’s vision of manned mission to Mars by mid-2030 does not seem realistic to me as he has not talked about its technology feasibility. However, I do agree with his plan’s Part C. I think that it will significantly reduce the cost for transporting people and cargo to and from low-Earth orbit, and might induce the rise of a true space economy.

Generation Gap Paper Essay

Refer to the â€Å"General requirements for all papers† found in your syllabus. Submit a 2-3 page short essay discussing Generation Gaps. How is your generation different from your grandparents? What personal changes do you see? Name cohort changes. Do you agree with age grading? (Pg 83) How do they apply to you and to your career choices? Can you see area of your current job, or career goal; where age grading might occur? (a tip to doing well on papers: answer all the questions systematically; one by one. If you don’t answer all the parts to the papers, you won’t get full credit!!! ) Don’t forget your 2 outside sources. You must submit this paper in the â€Å"writing assignments† icon on the home page. Trying to find differences from my generation to my grandparents generation is going to be hard for me. My grandfather on my dad’s side died when I was 12, my grandmother on my dad’s side died about 5 years ago but really, I wasn’t very close with her at all. My grandparents on my mom’s side I don’t remember at all. If I had to start somewhere in differences between my generation and my grandparents generation my views between what I knew from both sides of my families would differ greatly. Let’s start with my dad’s side. My grandfather was a hard working, self employed Real Estate agent. I’m not sure at what age he got into the Real Estate business but he was young. He was originally married to my grandmothers sister. When she died she made my grandfather promise to take care of her sister. He married my grandmother and not only took care of the kids he had with his 1st wife, but also the 14 kids he had with his 2nd wife (my grandmother). He took his responsibilities very seriously. Hard working, he kept his grievances to himself, any problems were taken care of or dealt with. He didn’t complain about his hard life. He just did what he had to do and took care of his family. You didn’t complain about your life. I remember my aunt telling me once, â€Å"You complained to grandpa and you got knocked on your butt. He always told us to be happy with what we have and if we weren’t stop bitching and get to changing it. † Through my dad’s family I saw how my grandparents were. Hard working, loyalty to your family, taking care of your responsibilities, but I also saw the dark side of those times. Keeping feelings withheld, the hard working never complain mentality has done it’s number on my dad and our family. My dad treated my sisters and I the same. We disrespect our parents, we got our butts whooped. We obeyed out of fear not respect. We saw my dad work 16 hour days on a farm, come home and be completely miserable. We saw our mother not for the loving mother or housewife she was, but the miserable, lonely woman she was made into. Although I was instilled with the same hard working values, loyalty and determination that my grandfather instilled into my dad, aunt’s and uncles, I also see the damage that my grandpa’s generation has done. Instead of hardworking loving families, I see tired, resentful, angry people. I too have a desire to work hard. But I also had hidden anger issues, depression and a controlling nature. Between these generations I see more of an acceptance to want to change the way we do things. Therapy, work programs, counseling, a better school environment for children. My dad and mom did not graduate from high school, nor did my grandparents. Yet they still had jobs, albeit not the best ones, but they worked. I’m not so quick to spank my kids. I want to teach them respect through love and kindness. I want to make sure they know their voices are heard and that they have choices. I want my kids to know that their choices will affect them and that there is a cause and effect for what they do. I want to make my children proud when I get into the profession that I have worked hard to get into. I also want to teach my kids the values that were taught to my parents, that were taught to their parents and probably taught to their parents.

Philiosophy journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Philiosophy journal - Essay Example God might have attached an immaterial thinking substance to certain material bodies, he is allowing that, as a result of divine intervention, material structures might think after all. That is, he has abandoned any claim to know at first hand that material structures simply could not be conscious. If some material structures could be conscious, how can we know a priori that material structures cannot of themselves give rise to consciousness. If, instead of supposing that material structures themselves sometimes think, we assumed that there are immaterial substances, minds, or souls, associated with our bodies, we should have to say that matter somehow acts upon these immaterial things (in perception) (Moreland and Nielssen 72). For most of believers, God is a unity, the main source that allows the construction and experience of religion. The concept of God can be explained as a static one evolving during centuries. It is important to note that God is the common feature of human's per sonality, so many philosophers identify the causes and events that push people to be ethical, especially if their actions will affect another person. In this case, the inner nature and morals of people is closely connected with their believes which prove the exultance of God (Moreland and Nielssen 82). . ... And this perfect cause of the universe is God. What is more, without God morality would be impossible (Moreland and Nielssen 32). There must be a Lawgiver (God) who originates and stands by moral law. A universal moral law cannot exist accidentally. There must be a basis behind it, which is God. According to this view, every person is born with an inherent understanding of right and wrong. Everyone, for example, understands that murdering an innocent person is wrong. Everyone realizes that helping a drowning person is right. Where did this internal understanding of right and wrong come from I'm convinced that this understanding comes from God. He was the one to put it into the hearts of every person (Moreland and Nielssen 87). There is no reason why a non-personal principle of creative value should be encumbered with omniscience. Nevertheless, Leslie is right to confront this problem. For if goodness, ethical equality is the sole creative principle and the only explanation why there is any world at all, we can indeed ask, Whence, then, is evil It would obviously be less satisfactory, because less simple, to admit that value is, even in principle, only a partial explanation of what there is, that there is also an element of the sheer unexplained brute fact, of things just happening to be there; for the recognition of such unexplained brute facts was the rejected alternative to the hypothesis that ethical norms are creative (Leslie 43). Leslie's answer to the problem of evil is, in effect, to argue that there may well be no unabsorbed evils, when we take account of the value of lives that involve real choices against a background of discoverable causal regularities--whether those choices are causally

Nursing assesment and its role in care planning Essay

Nursing assesment and its role in care planning - Essay Example ing alarm/rescue, and frequency/pattern of falls; assessment include emergency care fundamentals such as airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure; locomotor problems include physiological effects of aging; loss refers to reduced or loss of vision; and social circumstances include history of social circumstances, support network people, and type of housing or social contact (Jones, Endacott & Crouch 2003, p. 82). Applying the assessment tool, the nurse has gathered the following assessment data: Patient X fell on the ground at 5:00 pm. She has been lying still on the ground for 3 hours in her house until help is sought by a concerned neighbor. Assessment of fall history revealed a misplaced placemat on the floor as a hazard for the occurrence of fall. The patient only regained consciousness when she’s in the hospital and clearly recollects incident of fall and other previous experiences. Patient X has no method of raising alarm/rescue and there were no other fre quency/pattern of falls except for the current incident. Nursing assessment revealed a patent airway and a regular breathing pattern (20 breaths /minute). Circulatory perfusion is assessed using the neurovascular examination and found a 3 seconds toe capillary time which indicate that the circulation in the lower extremity are starting to be compromised (Brunner et al. 2009, p. 2100). Neurological assessment described Patient X as lethargic upon admission and GCS scores totaled to 12 because of lapses in verbal responses due to confusion and disorientation and withdrawal of motor responses when pain is experienced. A full physical assessment were done presenting fall impact on the lateral aspect of the hip, pain the groin with radiation to the knee, pain exacerbated by movement, and inability to... The paper tells that fractured neck of the femur is more common among older people and women and affected individuals are likely to experience significant distress, physical pain, complications, and possible incapacitation. The acronym FALLS served as assessment guidelines for older people who have fallen. FALLS stands for falls history, assessment, locomotor problems, loss, and social circumstances. The Hendrich II Fall Risk Model is used in assessing the degree of risk of falls among elderly population whereas the In Ottawa knee rules identifies the need for further investigation, imaging, or X-ray. The case scenario of Patient X identified nursing care needs in peripheral circulation, safe discharge, and independent rehabilitation. To improve tissue perfusion in peripheral areas, nurses need to: perform patient assessment and monitoring which includes ABCs, C-spine and hemorrhage control to aid the nurse in discovering overt/covert changes in patient’s status at frequent i ntervals; perform neurological exam such as Glasgow Coma Scale and note vital signs at frequent intervals to early recognize changes and to provide timely and appropriate care; and perform capillary refill checks and assessment of neurovascular function of the immobilized extremity to determine status of tissue perfusion. Discharge plans follow as tissue perfusion is resolved. An effective discharge plan follows the Department of Health’s key principles in discharge planning and is holistic, promote active and equal partnership, well-coordinated, and maximized to the full potential.

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research paper - Essay Example Earthquakes are believed to be caused by different occurrences that include glacial rebounding, sliding of tectonic plates that lie over each other, and by sudden discharge of stored strain that is accumulated along a fault line. The severity of a shake from an earthquake is usually as a result of three factors i.e. its magnitude attenuation of a wave that causes the earth quake as it moves through the earth’s surface and the possible disruption caused by different rock structure (Hough par 9-12). These vibrations can be predicted before they happen in a place. When these vibrations happen also, they result in major disruptions to physical features. However, the major cause of investigation has resulted from the threat these vibrations cause to people. The ability to predict great causes of damaging events that are likely to face an area in future time is a basic element of risk reduction development practices. It becomes an important element when it is facing emergency and le ad to development of a good planning for such emergency (Albarello and Meletti 1-2). Earthquakes are caused by seismic waves. The intensity of these waves is measured with a machine known as a seismometer. The depth of the earthquake is another determiner of its intensity. Earthquakes are a major threat to life because if they happen with great magnitude, they lead to destruction of properties in which people live. When they happen on the water, they result to tsunamis that are likely to result in disruption of waters and seizing of ships. The commotion caused on the water also is extended to the coast, which causes major deaths of people at such coastal lands and destruction of property. Before the 1970s and 1980s, prominent scientists were optimistic that reliable prediction of earthquakes was possibly going to come. This was facilitated and motivated by the ground breaking prediction event of Soviet Union prediction of an earthquake and the successfully accomplished prediction of Chinese earthquake that happened in Haicheng. However, even with those optimistic achievements, there was a lot of pessimism because still many predictions were not reliable by then (Hough 34). Today, prediction of earthquakes is possible by scientists who agree that the understanding of ground motion attenuation relationships is an important aspect of predicting possibility of there being an earthquake. In March 2009, an Italian technician observed the radon and noticed some abnormalities and predicted that a great magnitude earthquake would be experienced. Although seismologists did not concur with that laboratory scientist, a fatal earthquake was experienced in L’Aquila barely a month after the prediction. The earthquake claimed many lives and were injured while a lot of property was destroyed and many were displaced from their places. Forecasting of earthquakes is faced with many debates about their occurrence once they have happened. For example, when it happened in cit y of L’Aquila a lot of questions and debates followed; scientists were fiercely faced by contradiction basing on their ability to forecast such dangers. This earthquake was so destructive such that everyone affected by it rose against the people who are responsible for predicting (Albarello and Meletti 3). Currently, there are many prediction methods for earthquakes developed such that one does not have to ask whether it is possible to

Case study 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

5 - Case Study Example The natural environment offers luxury, a sense of rejuvenation as well as romance and intimacy that comes with hotels. The tropical gardens and spas which also used the natural environment in the treatment by use of natural herbs and spices as well as the interior designing with the same natural environment theme attracted a wide number of customers from the old to the young generation. This is in addition to the prices that are not as exorbitant as is the case with luxurious hotels. What this unique branding strategy has done is to ensure that the Banyan Tree hotel chains are relaxing and hence attract many corporate people who want pure and total relaxation in areas away from limelight but which also present a sense of security and what better places than secluded areas with a heavy hint of the nature which is relaxing. This strategy which has been maintained in all their hotel chains has contributed to the sustainability of the brand as regular high clients are maintained and they attract new customers regularly as well. 2. The Banyan Tree has experienced many crisis events and has been able to continue on a path of growth and expansion. Based on its past experiences, what key elements would you include in a plan for crisis prevention and management plan for Banyan Tree and describe why proper planning is important in today’s global environment? The hotel chain has experienced a chain of crisis such as depression in the hotel business, tsunami, stiff competition, high expenses, restrictions by some countries on importations of food and other goods among others. These crisis demands different specific elements to prevent as well as manage them. When it comes to depression in the hotel industry, nothing much can be done in this area and the only way the brand can prevent itself from going under is to have established a regular customer base where even if the hotel fails to attract new customers, it is dependent on its

Final ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Final - Assignment Example ccuracy1 believes that the possible low bids from the competition, if there is any competition, and the associated probabilities and associated payoffs are those shown in the attached table (file â€Å"Exam2 Tables.xlsx†, sheet â€Å"Exam2-Q1-2†). In addition, Accuracy1 believes there is a 30% chance that there will be no competing bids. What should Accuracy1 bid to maximize its EMV? The optimal choice is $120 Q2. The following is for Problems 1-2. Accuracy1 Incorporated, a company that specializes in scientific instruments, has been invited to make a bid on a government contract. The contract calls for a specific number of these instruments to be delivered during the coming year. The bids must be sealed, so that no company knows what the others are bidding, and the low bid wins the contract. Accuracy1 estimates that it will cost $5000 to prepare a bid and $95,000 to supply the instruments if it wins the contract. On the basis of past contracts of this type, Accuracy1 believes that the possible low bids from the competition, if there is any competition, and the associated probabilities and associated payoffs are those shown in the attached table (file â€Å"Exam2 Tables.xlsx†, sheet â€Å"Exam2-Q1-2†). In addition, Accuracy1 believes there is a 30% chance that there will be no competing bids. What should Accuracy1 bid to maximize its EMV? The EMV for this optimal choice is $ ____K (please keep 2 decimal place, e.g. in the format of 12.34). Q3. The following is for Problems 3-5. A local energy provider offers a landowner $180,000 for the exploration rights to natural gas on a certain site and the option for future development. This option, if exercised, is worth an additional $1,800,000 to the landowner, but this will occur only if natural gas is discovered during the exploration phase. The landowner, believing that the energy companys interest in the site is a good indication that gas is present, is tempted to develop the field herself. To do so, she must contract

Someone I Admire Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Someone I Admire - Essay Example Guglielmo was involved in a scandal called the Italian Navy Coherer Scandal; it is believed that he stole the work of Jagadish Chandra Bose, an Indian who is very renowned for his contribution in the field of Science. This happened because Jagadish Chandra Bose’s work could not be accepted because of the British rule, the British Administration made sure that his work never got published and it is very strongly believed that Guglielmo stole the work of Jagdish and came to the limelight. Guglielmo had a keen interest in Science and especially in Electricity right from the early years. During the time of Guglielmo the invention of the electromagnetic waves took place and this was invented by Heinrich Hertz. The death of Hertz threw more light upon his discoveries, and this further intrigued Guglielmo, who got very motivated and decided to invent something unseen by the world. He conducted experiments by setting up his own devices and material required to carry out the experiment . His main goal was to use radio waves to create wireless telegraphy. This meant that the transmission of the wireless messages got across without using any wires. The Development of the Invention  This was not a new subject that Guglielmo was working on, research had been already done on this subject, and he just utilized whatever had been researched about the subject. Guglielmo used many important parts in this experiment. Parts like oscillator, spark producing radio transmitters, a telegraph key were used in his experiments. Other researchers also used the spark-gap transmitters, but they could not get the transmission to cover a long range, the transmission usually covered a few hundred meters. The case was no different for Guglielmo; he also got limited transmission when he first attempted the experiment. But at a later stage he experimented outdoors, he increased the length of the transmitter and the radio antenna, which resulted in a very big success. The transmission impro ved drastically and he was able to transmit signals with a range of roughly about 1.5 kilometers. He concluded that he required funding to invent a device which could take this forward. He believed that this experiment would be very useful if it becomes an invention to the military personnel as they would be able to transmit signals easily. When he was close to inventing what he had dreamt of all his life, he realized that Italy was not the right place to be in. He moved to London along with his Mother at the age of 21 to pursue the invention. 1897 was the year when Guglielmo sent the first ever wireless communication and this was done over Sea. The approximate distance covered by the signal was about 6 kilometers; the message which he sent read â€Å"Are you ready†. This was a good enough invention to receive international attention; this work quickly caught the eye of the international people associated with the same field. â€Å"Marconi sailed to the United States at the invitation of the New York Herald

MKTM003(1) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MKTM003(1) - Essay Example What is Marketing Before going to discuss the futuristic approach towards strategic marketing, let us get a better understanding of what marketing actually is. Marketing means to promote a product or to make the people aware of the products of the company. Companies launch marketing campaigns for creating awareness among the public about the newly manufactured products. A marketing campaign not only includes defining marketing goals of a company but also includes development of marketing strategies to achieve those goals. Role of marketing in the promotion of new brands can never be denied. Marketing not only helps the companies achieve higher levels of profits but also helps them establish their brands in any international market. Marketing plays a vital role in making any new product or brand popular and successful. According to Perez (2010), creation of an effective marketing plan is extremely important for a company because it helps the company create the entire business plan for carrying out the business activities. It is due to effective marketing plans that most of the new products get recognized all over the world in a very short span of time. 2. The Strategic Imperative - A Future Focus Masters (2011) states, â€Å"Strategic marketing is a consumer-based approach to product promotion that identifies market segments and attempts to make them more profitable by providing superior value†. ... According to Cooper (2000), strategic marketing improves productivity of a company. Productivity of a company depends on some critical factors, such as, customer satisfaction and employee retention. Let us take example of hospitality industry. If the customers will be satisfied from the food and beverages provided to them by any specific restaurant, they will work as a source to attract more people towards the restaurant, which will ultimately help the company achieve competitive advantage in the industry. Tatum (2011) states, â€Å"A strategic marketing plan is an approach to structuring marketing efforts in a manner that identifies and meets consumer demand†. In future, the objective of developing an appropriate strategic marketing plan will only be achieved when all departments of the companies will work in proper collaboration with each other. They will not only need to work together to create a marketing plan by researching customer attitudes and designing metrics to meas ure performance but also they will have to help the authorities in the implementation of those plans effectively. Some of the main factors which marketers consider while developing strategic marketing plans include needs and demands of the customers, ways in which a customer’s needs can be met, potential market segments, and changing trends in the customers’ taste. Marketing professionals develop the strategic marketing plans in three stages. In the first stage, they segment the market according to the geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral aspects. In the next step, managers develop profiles of the market segments by considering the revenue potential, profitability potential, and market share potential of the company. In the last

Ethical and Moral Business Management (MBA) Essay

Ethical and Moral Business Management (MBA) - Essay Example My approach at decision making therefore applies deontology with the goal of making the right decision regardless of its consequences. Morality has deeply influenced my professional practice, and decision making in the workplace context. Throughout my term as a summer trainee at Zain Telecom, I have demonstrated ethical decision making by doing what was right in each situation. Working in the Finance Department, which was one of the most critical functional units of the firm, I was responsible for sorting records and analyzing financial statements for the company. I had full accessibility to critical company information and financial records but I carried out my duties without tinkering at the information. I did what was ethically right and expected of me given my position and responsibilities for the role. I resorted to the company policy and acted in accordance with the code of conduct while handling the information. As such I displayed full integrity and responsibility with the critical financial information I was entrusted with. Because my career focuses on accounting and finance, auditing is a key component of my work. Auditing is a domain of accounting which demands ethical integrity and accountability in professional practice. During my term as a full-time Assistant Auditor at Delloite, I was exposed to financial information from a wide array of companies and organizations. Not only did I demonstrate integrity while handling information but I also did what was right by carrying out my duties of auditing the financials truly. My conduct was geared towards ensuring accurate and reliable financial information for the various clients. During my practice as an auditor, I ensured compliance with law and the ethical code of each firm. I responsibly explored the accounting system and reported only accurate information thereby reflecting aspects of Kantian ethics

Adlerian Group Therapy Essay Example for Free

Adlerian Group Therapy Essay According to Glanz and Hayes (1967) Group Counseling and group terapy are almost contradictory concepts to he individual not familiar with the detailed practices present and groups, counceling, and therapy. multiple counseling, group guidance, and the lmost interchangeble use of counseling and psychotherapy have added to the uncertainty of the dimensions and true nature of these new concepts. Adlerian in Group Counseling According to Corey (202) Adler was a politically and socially oriented psychiatrist who showed great concern for the common person. Indeed, many of his early clients were working-class people who struggled to make a living, raise and educate their children, and make a difference in society. Part of Adler’s mission was to bring psychological understanding to the general population and to translate psychological concepts into practical methods for helping a varied population meet the challenges of everyday life. Alfred Adler made signifi cant contributions to contemporary therapeutic practice. Adler believed in the social nature of human beings, and he was interested in working with clients in a group context. He established more than 30 child guidance clinics in which he pioneered live demonstrations by interviewing children, adults, teachers, and parents in front of community groups. He was the fi rst psychiatrist to use group methods in a systematic way in child guidance centers in the 1920s in Vienna. To fully appreciate the development of the practice of Adlerian psychology, one must recognize the contributions of Rudolf Dreikurs, who was largely responsible for extending and popularizing Adler’s work and transplanting Adler’s ideas to the United States. He did a great deal to translate Adlerian principles into the practice of group psychotherapy, and he used group psychotherapy in his private practice for more than 40 years (see Dreikurs, 1960, 1967, 1997). Dreikurs developed and refi ned Adler’s concepts into a clear-cut, teachable system with practical applications for family life, education, preventive mental health, and, especially, group psychotherapy (Terne r Pew, 1978). Dreikurs was a key fi gure in developing the Adlerian family education centers in the United States. Work with children and their parents in a group setting paved the way for Dreikurs’s pioneering group psychotherapy.It is believed that Dreikurs was the fi rst person to use group therapy in a private practice. Adlerian interventions have been widely applied to diverse client populations of all ages in many different settings. Adlerian group therapy is an integration of key concepts of Adlerian psychology with socially constructed, systemic, and brief approaches based on the holistic model developed by Dreikurs (Sonstegard Bitter, 2004). Objectives of Adlerian Group Therapy  ·Establishing and maintaining an emphatic relationship between clients and counselor that is based on mutual trust and respect and in which the client feels understood and accepted by the group.  ·Providing a therapeutic climate in which clients can come to understand their basics beliefs and feelings about themselves and discover why those beliefs are faulty.  ·helping clients develop insight into their mistaken goals and self-defeating behaviors through a process of confrontatio and interpretation.  ·assisting clients in discovering alternatives and encouraging them to make choices that is, put insights into action.  ·Group provides a mirror of persons behavior.  ·Group members both recieve and give help. Techniques THE FAMILY CONSTELLATION Adler considered the family of origin as having a central impact on an individual’s personality. Adler suggested that it was through the family constellation that each person forms his or her unique view of self, others, and life. Factors such as cultural and familial values, gender-role expectations, and the nature of interpersonal relationships are all infl uenced by a child’s observation of the interactional patterns within the family. Adlerian assessment relies heavily on an exploration of the client’s family constellation, including the client’s evaluation of conditions that prevailed in the family when the person was a young child (family atmosphere), birth order, parental relationship and family values, and extended family and culture. EARLY RECOLLECTIONS As you will recall, another assessment procedure used by Adlerians is to ask the client to provide his or her earliest memories, including the age of the person at the time of the remembered events and the feelings or reactions associated with the recollections. Early recollections are one-time occurrences pictured by the client in clear detail. Adler reasoned that out of the millions of early memories we might have we select those special memories that project the essential convictions and even the basic mistakes of our lives. Early recollections are a series of small mysteries that can be woven together and provide a tapestry that leads to an understanding of how we view ourselves, how we see the world, what our life goals are, what motivates us, what we value and believe in, and what we anticipate for our future (Clark, 2002; Mosak Di Pietro, 2006). BIRTH OEDER AND SIBLING RELATIONSHIP The Adlerian approach is unique in giving special attention to the relationships between siblings and the psychological birth position in one’s family. Adler identified five psychological positions, or vantage points, from which children tend to view life: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only. Stages of the Alerian Group Therapy STAGE 1: ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAININGCOHESIVE RELATIONSHIPS WITH MEMBERS In the initial stage the emphasis is on establishing a good therapeutic relationship based on cooperation, collaboration, egalitarianism, and mutual respect. By attending to the relationship from the first session, counselors are laying a foundation for cohesive ness and connection. Adlerians hold that the successful outcomes of the other group stages are based on establishing and maintaining a strong therapeutic relationship at the initial stage of counseling (Watts Eckstein, 2009). Group participants are encouraged to be active in the process because they are responsible for their own participation in the group. The group situation provides sample opportunity to work on trust issues and to strengthen the relationship between member and leader. Also, by witnessing positive changes in peers, participants can see how well the group works. STAGE 2: ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT (EXPLORING THE INDIVIDUAL’S DYNAMICS) The aim of the second stage is twofold: understanding one’s lifestyle and seeing how it is affecting one’s current functioning in all the tasks of life (Mosak Maniacci, 2011). During this assessment stage, emphasis is on the individual in his or her social and cultural context. Adlerians do not try to fi t clients into a preconceived model; rather, they allow salient cultural identity concepts to emerge and attend to a clients’ personal meaning of culture (Carlson Englar-Carlson, 2008). The leader may begin by exploring how the participants are functioning at work and in social situations and how they feel about themselves and their gender-role identities. STAGE 3: AWARENESS AND INSIGHT Whereas the classical analytic position is that personality cannot change unless there is insight, the Adlerian view is that insight is a special form of awareness that facilitates a meaningful understanding within the counseling relationship and acts as a foundation for change. Yet this awareness is not, in and of itself, enough to bring about signifi cant change. It is a means to an end, not an end in itself. According to Carlson and Englar-Carlson (2008), the Adlerian approach is both insight oriented and action oriented. Although insight into our problems can be useful, it is essential that this awareness leads to constructive movement toward desired goals. It is to be noted that people can make abrupt and signifi cant changes without much insight. STAGE 4: REORIENTATION AND REEDUCATION The end product of the group process is reorientation and reeducation. The reorientation stage consists of both the group leaders and the members working together to challenge erroneous beliefs about self, life, and others. The emphasis is on considering alternative beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes. During this stage, members put insight into action, making new choices that are more consistent with their desired goals (Carlson Englar-Carlson, 2008). There is a change in members’ attitudes toward their current life situation and the problems they need to solve. This reorientation is an educational experience. Adlerian groups are characterized by an attempt to reorient faulty living patterns and teach a better understanding of the principles that result in cooperative interaction (Sonstegard Bitter, 2004). One of the aims is teaching participants how to become more effective in dealing with the tasks of life. Another aim is challenging and encouraging clients to take risks an d make changes. References: Corey, G. (2012), Theories And Practice of Group Couneling Eight edition. United States, 2008 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning. Corey, G. (2009), Theories And Practice of Counseling and Psychoterapy. United States, 2005 Thomson Brooks/Cole.z

Comparison of Aldi and Lidl

Comparison of Aldi and Lidl ABSTRACT The price war among supermarkets does really benefit the customers in recession time. But the major discount supermarkets like Aldi and Lidl cannot get the all grip on the retail markets as they had it at early stage. They are not able to maintain the position in the market as cheapest retailers because of tough competition from rivals. This project hopes to discuss some of the trends among major supermarkets like Tesco, Asda Sainsburys in pricing to compete with discount retailers such as Lidl and Aldi. It also focus on the strategies made by the mainstream supermarket chains to overcome the recession effects. Topic In the current economy, will the retail discounters loose out? A case study of Aldi and Lidl. Aim and Objectives Aims-Identify the Strength, weakness, opportunity and Threat of Aldi and Lidl to sustain as discount retailers in the current retail market. Objectives: Find out why people shop at Lidl and Aldi? Their perceptions of the brands, how often they come? How much they spend? To ascertain why Lidl and Aldi customer loyalty has diminished since the competitors changed the strategies. To evaluate the effectiveness of Lidl and Aldis recent repositioning strategies on their brand image Review of Literature: Scientific and technological revolution have shaped an effective and innovative business order .Since the source of information and information procedures have become rapid and convenient ,the business atmosphere has turn out to be more chaoetic.Consumers are showing their buying capacity with an expectation of high quality for reasonable price. As there are liberal policies, new products and services are launching every day in to the market. Information technology plays a crucial role in the business world with up dated information and rapid way of communication 1. Customer Behavior Customers are offered tremendous bundle of choices. Some people restricts their choices, becoming relationship oriented with some organization (Sheth and Parvatiyar, 1995) and have the potential to become long life customers. Customers life cycles are becoming increasingly transitory due to the severe impact of competitors action on existing relationships (Reinartz and Kumar, 2000). Consumer behaviour in retail sector is characterized by impulse purchasing and fickle customers (Newman and Patel, 2004).. This may do to the fact that customers do not experience any switching costs when changing their supplier (Reinartz and Kumar, 2000). Others exhibit switching behaviour in their shopping (Peterson, 1995) and split their purchases among several Table.1: Attributes of store image Most Frequently Cited Attribute Other Attributes 1. Merchandise: * Selection * Quality * Price * Styling 2. Service 3. Clientele 4. Physical facilities 5. Convenience 6. Promotion 7. Store atmosphere 8. Institutional 9. Post-Transaction 2. Brand: When a brand is communicated through advertising, packaging and merchandising, it aims to create confidence and minimise the purchasing risk to the consumer (Palmer, 1996). Such attributes, it is held, are particularly important when buying fashion products (de Chernatony and McDonald, 1992; Doyle, 1991). In brief, brand values provide a promise of sameness and predictability (Keller, 2003). Branding came to be understood as providing a unique mixture of benefits that satisfy rational needs, but also emotional ones, by facilitating and simplifying the consumers choice process through behavioural shortcuts, habit and perception. Successful brand is defined as a name, symbol, design or some combination of these, which identifies the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"product of a particular organisation as having a sustainable differential advantage (Schmitt, 1999). 3. Positioning To understand positioning from a customer perspective, it is important to explain what is positioning in marketing literature. Although the craft of positioning is a defining function of modern branding, the idea of positioning dates back to Classical Greece, with Platos assertion that memories evoke related memories, thus colouring interpretation (Warren, 1916). In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the British empiricists elaborated the Aristotelian notion that ideas are stored in memory by association, developing the three à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Laws of Associationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ; similarity, contrast and contiguity. Discussion 1. Recession affecting the retailers. Here we will discuss about the recession and its affect on retail markets. As we know that we are running in the bad economic condition. So it gives us unemployment, lack of money, poverty, people go behind the cheap product..etc. in these situation we call it for recession. Recession participate everywhere around the world. In these situations people are scaring to spend their money in to business or market. 2. Current retail UK Market. In the current economic conditions the retail markets are trying to grab their customers giving different offers and products. Using cheap price and quality products are the priority for all retailers to the customers and it is the key factor to increase the business and survive the recession. Neil Saunders, the consulting director at Verdict, said: (telegraph nov 2009) We are now entering the most challenging period many retailers will have ever faced: the UK retail market is both mature and intensively competitive and that, combined with a slowdown in growth, means everyone will need to work much harder just to stand still. Andy bond Asda CEO (the marketing blog aug 2009) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“We be able to already see how changing attitudes are affecting customers shopping habits, Consumers are not prepared to pay a premium when they cannot taste the difference. The era of conspicuous consumption is besides.Saving money by cutting out waste of every part of kinds will be the priority. 3. Major discounters Aldi and Lidl The German chains Aldi and lidl are discount retailer and fight with the big four rivals called Tesco, Asda, sainsburey, and Morrisons. The two discounters have to do a lot of work while competing rivals. Aldi one of the retail company in UK and launched in 1990 and they have more than 300 stores across UK. the company called Aldi sell food, drinks, healthn and beauty product, sanitary items, baby product, and other cheap house hold items and wide variety of fruits and vegetables, including frozen food, fresh meats, fish, desserts, baked goods and alcohol, wines cheeseetc. the important thing that Aldi has concentrated products are own labelled or in other words own brand products and the other brand product or none Aldi products are limited. The store strong in cheapest products and it introduced from GERMANY. So the company typically use two similar brands for all category of the product. So this structure gives Aldi stores to be smaller than general supermarkets which cover the same range of products but with more variety. About the companys offer to the customer giving special offers per week, special buy deal offer a particular range of product like electronics and car accessorie s, cloths and house hold items, garden ,appliancesetc at bargain prices on Sundays and Thursdays (it might be for a week or available for limited products). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" Aldi is able to offer deeply discounted prices on around 1,300 popular food items (a typical grocery store has 30,000) due to its various cost-cutting strategies. These include buying cheap land on the outskirts of towns and cities, building cheap warehouses, employing few staff, keeping store furnishings to a bare minimum and carrying mostly private-label items, which are displayed on pallets rather than shelves. The firm takes a fixed amount of money for carrier bags. Lidl the rivals of Aldi and the major discount supermarket store chain in UK. the store more aware about their customer and so the firm provides 800 different products. As i above mentioned about Aldi , Lidl has wide variety of their own brand products and the companies priority for leading brand for each category. Food, fresh produce, frozen foods, Italian cuisines, wines, home appliances and garden products including tools and planets are available from Lidl. These are the products known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Specials and they offer to the customer low cost of frozen foods as well. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Low-cost operating methods, such as avoiding expensive advertising, high-rent locations and a diverse-range of goods, have enabled it to challenge and even overtake its number one rivals in some European markets such as Franceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Lidl can attract more customers in 2008 in the beginning of recession because most of the consumers especially middle class consumers started their shop ping at discount retailers like Aldi and Lidl. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“According to market research firm TNS, Lidl was the second most successful UK supermarket group over the busy Christmas period in 2008, with group sales far exceeding growth in the overall grocery sectorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . G Gavin (2008) describe à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“When we visited Lidl stores across Europe, we noticed that new, improved ranges are being introduced across fresh and chilled categories. Ranges are far more tailored to national and even regional markets than in the past. Organics, healthy eating and fairtrade ranges have also been incorporated into the mix. And this strategy, too, is very much determined on a country by country basis, in line with key prevailing consumer trends. Clearly many of these elements are not unique to Lidl among its discounting peer group, but the combination of these is leading to the development of an increasingly compelling proposition, with the branded presence in-store a key differentiator from its largest rival Aldià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Now come to the point that the big four super markets battling towards the discounters like Aldi and Lidl.TNS world panel realise that the Aldi and Lidl sales from May to July 8.3 percent, 6.8 percent. But in the case of the big retailers achieved second quarter Morrison 9.5 percentage, Asda 8.1 percentage, waitrose8.2 percentage respectively. Paul (2009), Aldis UK Managing Director, blames à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“some of the slowdown in growth on promotional activity from the brands, which has been à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“pretty effectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“. Aldi does not sell the traditional big brandsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The important things that the big four mainly concentrated in their sales called promotions, discount ranges, and advertising campaigns.etc. The Tescos promotion known as discounters, Asdas round pound, Sainsburys switch and save, Waitrose essential. Chris (2009) of TNS, said: The promotional activity the major multiples have put in place has stolen the wind out of the discounters sails . Waitroses Essentials range now accounts for 15 percent of the grocers salesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Now the current economic down turn the consumer always looking for the promotions and discount sales. So the major discounters will be loose their sales until they started promotional activity from the traditional brands. Research methodology 1. Research Approach To understand the different research approach is in business research. These approaches can be mainly categorized as positivist and critical interpretive, qualitative and quantitative. Positivist and critical interpretive research Positivist paradigm believes in the view that the world is external and objective to the researcher, which is identical to the belief used in natural sciences. Positivist researchers are independent of the research being conducted and focus on description, uncovering facts and explanation .Researchers, then by using models and theories that they have created explains the behaviour on the grounds of the facts and observations The other position, known to us as the critical interpretive paradigm believes in the view that the world is constructed socially and is subjective. They also believe that reality does not exist outside the perceptions of people. Critical researchers are seen as a vital part of the researching process. Critical researchers attempt to discover understandings and discovery of the broad interrelationship in the circumstances they are researching. Qualitative and quantitative research: In qualitative research words are the units of analysis. Qualitative research tends to be associated with description. The data needed for qualitative analysis has to be gathered from interviews and questionnaires. Methods like ethnography will be used for the process of qualitative analysis and ethnographic data storage software will be used to store information. There are many advantages of using such software which will help store the data safely, the data can be coded easily, and retrieval of data will be more reliable. Computerization removes barriers and scales to the scale and complexity of analysis. There are virtually no clerical limits to how much stuff you get now, and few to how complex it is. (Richards and Richards 1993:40) Quantitative research Quantitative research tends to be associated with numbers, as the unit of analysis and it tends to be associated with statistical data. Charts and graphs have to be constructed from the figures and information gathered from the questionnaires and researches. Word processing and spreadsheet packages can be used for this purpose. Information in the form of numbers will be gathered from Different HR Mangers by using different data collection tools like questionnaires, review of previous documents etc. and the data will be used to construct meaningful figures and charts using software. Research Strategies Survey- Since the case study is on the basis of customer behaviour with a clear aim on customers perception of a particular brand, certainly the importance is set on primary data. The secondary data backed the primary data using appropriate hypothetical framework. The primary data will be collected using pre-designed questionnaire. Twelve questions were involved in the close ended questionnaire form with shoppers demographic outlines. Brand and Store loyalty measurement can be done by enquiring Lidl Aldi shoppers to rate definite qualities on predefined scales. Uni-polar scales will be utilized (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1980) starting from one all the way to five, places very low, low, average, high, and superb respectively. Former researchers, like James et a. (1976) have used the similar scaling methods while assessing attributes of a certain brand or store by implying how much a store is able to fulfil consumers expectation. In AldiLidl outlets in London where customers should be asked to rate the attributes with one hundred questionnaires.At least Eighty interviews will be carried out in London AldiLidl outlets. Since only AldiLidl shoppers participated, every questionnaire will be involved in the research. A detailed survey must be conducted. The data analysis could be created by using e SPSS12.O which is the data mining programme. Case study- This research is on the basis of case study since it discovers the individual behaviour of consumers in retail market.Research on the basis of case study is suitable since it covers the contextual situation and a broadly investigation other than a mere theoretical study.More over it is reliable as it provides multiple sources of information. In research, a familiar figure is used to study as it represents the whole concept with itself.Discount supermarket case studies are widely used in most of the UK institutes and research fields as it had a bright past with enormous brand loyalty by customers.,But now the scenario became different and it is facing more challenges to exist in the market. Explanatory study ÃÆ'ËÅ" On the basis of brand position and theory ÃÆ'ËÅ" Explaining fundamental connection of variables (correlation of style and shoppers customers visiting time) ÃÆ'ËÅ" Focusing circumstances for describing the connection among variables. Form of Presentation The dissertation will be presented in a written form supplemented with charts showing current and historical data Conclusion Aldi and Lidl the major discounters in UK, but the above mentioned information give us they are going to lose in current economic conditions. So the message give us the total picture about the current market, economic conditions, and the rivals in the current markets. References Geoffrey Moore, the business cycle research, Jon Gregory Taylor, investment timing and business cycle, john wiley sons publisher in 1997,p23 Gary marks john F. Maudlin, rocking wall street john wiley sons publisher in 2007, p92. Invstopedia forbes digital company(http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/recession.asp) India dialy news paper(2007) (http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/17492.asp) Bureau for Economic Research (BER) http://www.fastmoving.co.za/news-archive/retailer-news/retail-sector-faces-threat-of-recession http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/3368164/Tesco-most-likely-retailer-to-survive-recession.html Andy Bond CEO Asda http://www.themarketingblog.co.uk/e_article001292783.cfm Aldi http://www.supermarket.co.uk/aldi.html Lidl http://www.supermarket.co.uk/lidl.html Gavin Rothwell, senior business analyst, IGD, http://www.igd.com/index.asp?id=1fid=1sid=19tid=11cid=85 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/jul/24/aldi-lidl-sales-growth

The Best Motion Picture: Jurassic Park

The Best Motion Picture: Jurassic Park The film that I think should be awarded for The Best Motion Picture is Jurassic Park because of the excellent filming techniques, terminologies and an effective storyline about Dinosaurs that was used to make it the best and captivating film. It keeps the viewers captivated and riveted to their seats The action keeps the audience in suspense and has great effects. The dinosaurs looked real and sounded similar to what we would think real dinosaurs sounded. in the film, it wasis a very unique effect that made the actual animals look very realistic. The construction of the dinosaurs and the whole dinosaur park brought the film to life and made the viewer feel as if they are part of the investigation in the film and also made the entire film seem modern even though dinosaurs dont exist in our generation. An extreme long shot was used by showing the audience the island where Jurassic Park was situated and this is where all the action takes place. At the beginning of the film we get an eye level shot of the dinosaur when it was it the cage being transferred to an enclosure. This make the audience feel insecure and think that it is looking at us. We also get a long shot when the characters walked towards the cars outside before they went to explore the park and see all the various dinosaurs. We also get an extreme close up shot of the mosquito in the resin that was attached to Johns walking stick is very effective as the backlight and zooming adds a clear view of the mosquito and symbolizes its importance. We also get a birds eye view when the people were the dusting the ground of the dinosaurs bones. It makes the audience seem like they are looking down at the people and the dinosaurs fossil being dusted. The sound in the film is plays an extremely important role in the film. The sound in Jurassic Park has a huge impact on the viewer. The synchronous sound is used brilliantly when the huge T-Rex engulfs one of the visitors in the park. The sound in the film made a enormous impact on the viewers, especially when the director uses non-synchronous sound as the actors enter the dinosaur park and also when the children are being chased. The sound gives the viewer an emotion of uncertainty and fear. There are no wild sounds in the film but there are a few scenes with a voice over such as the scene where the people are trying to escape from the T-Rex as it chases them through the park. The voices of the victims are louder than the synchronous sound. The dolly shot was used when Ian was in the car with the lady and other tour guides. The camera is placed on a track and set to move at the same speed as the dinosaur. This makes the viewer very involved and close to the scene. A crane shot is used when the lady was trying to get away and get to the technical room. The camera was placed in the air and this made us as the viewers feel like she was being chased by a dinosaur. Zoom lenses, when the goat was placed in the T-Rexs area and it zoomed in and out. This gives the audience an impression that the goat will be eaten and this creates excitement in the scene where it does not exist. We get a aerial shot of the island and it is taken via a helicopter but it does not show us the whole island as one and this conveys real drama and exhilaration. The colours used on the logo Jurassic Park attract the eye because of the use of bright colours and it is a reminder to the audience about where the action takes place. The green forests within the dinosaur park show that the park is a luscious ground for herbivores and a typical environment in which dinosaurs would live in. The use of colours sets the tone, and Jurassic Park has many different colours which I think makes the film more realistic, exciting and adventurous. The dull colours in the background made the logo stand out. The costumes of the characters were not too stylish but they stood out from the bright evergreen island and made them look neutral. The helmets and multi coloured cars made their clothing stand out more. The key light made us see the characters and dinosaurs no matter what the conditions were in the film and the fill light added some shadow. This is shown when T-Rex escapes and there is a spotlight shone on it. They also turned down the fill light when the two philosoraptors entered the kitchen and then increase the amount of shadow; this helped by creating suspense and tension to the audience. There arent many icons, indexes and symbols in the film, but one symbol that symbolizes fear is the dinosaur footprint because dinosaurs are dangerous animals and are threats to humans. I think that Jurassic Park is a great movie because the action of the film keeps the audience in suspense throughout the film and has great effects that make the audience riveted to their seats. The dinosaurs looked and sounded real. Steven Spielberg really deserves to win the Best Picture Award for Jurassic Park as he is a creative director and his film will never become outdated and will always have an exciting storyline.

Homosexuality: Equal Rights For All Essay examples -- Sexual Issues

INTRODUCTION Human beings are born with a nature to judge the things around them in one way or another. We complain, murmur and gossip about what is not normal or even normal in our sight. Yet, we struggle to see how others think about us and always fail look at ourselves first before judging and criticizing others. The measures of normality, intelligence, beauty and peculiarity are very subjective and we as humans are the inventors of these yardsticks. Yet, repeatedly we think that the principles of our measurement are perfect but we as mortal beings are not anywhere near perfect. Thus, is our yardstick and measurement truly perfect? The question that we are to ask ourselves is â€Å"Who are we to judge?† Homosexuality is the disposition to seek sensory pleasure through physical contact with people of one’s own sex in preference to contact with others of the opposite sex (Dover, 1997). Being alongside heterosexuality and bisexuality in the sexual orientation continuum, homosexuality only makes up a minority group of people. However, we are unsure of this because everyone has â€Å"skeletons in their closets† and might face confusion or uncertainties regarding their own sexuality. Homosexuals includes gays (man seeking man), lesbians (woman seeking woman), bisexuals (one who seeks both man and woman) as well as transgender (one who modifies his/her physical appearance to reflect the opposite sex). Transvestites are people who dress according to the opposite sex and this practice is also known as cross-dressing. Transsexuals are individuals who go under the knife to have a sex change operation in order for them to live fully as a member of the opposite sex. Facing pressur e from the society, families and friends, this group of people figh... ...Although everyone walks on the same land and shares the same air, some people just forbid others from having the same freedom as them. Thinking that they are protecting the community and their future generations, they ignore the rights of others and disregard those who go against them. We therefore believe that every human being despite their sexual orientation should enjoy every freedom and practice their rights given as humans without any restriction, hesitation or exception. Works Cited Dover, K. J. (1997). Greek Homosexuality. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . Esplen, E., & Jolly, S. (2006). Gender and Sex - A sample of definitions. BRIDGE- Gender and Development, 1. Mio, J., Barker-Hackett, L., & Tumambing, J. (2009). Multicultural Psychology: Understanding Our Diverse Communities (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved April 23, 2012 Homosexuality: Equal Rights For All Essay examples -- Sexual Issues INTRODUCTION Human beings are born with a nature to judge the things around them in one way or another. We complain, murmur and gossip about what is not normal or even normal in our sight. Yet, we struggle to see how others think about us and always fail look at ourselves first before judging and criticizing others. The measures of normality, intelligence, beauty and peculiarity are very subjective and we as humans are the inventors of these yardsticks. Yet, repeatedly we think that the principles of our measurement are perfect but we as mortal beings are not anywhere near perfect. Thus, is our yardstick and measurement truly perfect? The question that we are to ask ourselves is â€Å"Who are we to judge?† Homosexuality is the disposition to seek sensory pleasure through physical contact with people of one’s own sex in preference to contact with others of the opposite sex (Dover, 1997). Being alongside heterosexuality and bisexuality in the sexual orientation continuum, homosexuality only makes up a minority group of people. However, we are unsure of this because everyone has â€Å"skeletons in their closets† and might face confusion or uncertainties regarding their own sexuality. Homosexuals includes gays (man seeking man), lesbians (woman seeking woman), bisexuals (one who seeks both man and woman) as well as transgender (one who modifies his/her physical appearance to reflect the opposite sex). Transvestites are people who dress according to the opposite sex and this practice is also known as cross-dressing. Transsexuals are individuals who go under the knife to have a sex change operation in order for them to live fully as a member of the opposite sex. Facing pressur e from the society, families and friends, this group of people figh... ...Although everyone walks on the same land and shares the same air, some people just forbid others from having the same freedom as them. Thinking that they are protecting the community and their future generations, they ignore the rights of others and disregard those who go against them. We therefore believe that every human being despite their sexual orientation should enjoy every freedom and practice their rights given as humans without any restriction, hesitation or exception. Works Cited Dover, K. J. (1997). Greek Homosexuality. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press . Esplen, E., & Jolly, S. (2006). Gender and Sex - A sample of definitions. BRIDGE- Gender and Development, 1. Mio, J., Barker-Hackett, L., & Tumambing, J. (2009). Multicultural Psychology: Understanding Our Diverse Communities (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved April 23, 2012

Develop Personal Skills to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Essay -- Health, Di

Develop Personal Skills to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes This essay will discuss one of the growing health issues: Types 2 diabetes, in people aged 40 years and above. Older aged people are affected by Type 2 diabetes. This essay will also briefly describes about the Ottawa Charter and one of the action areas of it: Develop Personal Skills to address the health issue, Type 2 diabetes, in older aged people. Development of personal skills through education is the key means to address the problem of diabetes in this aged group people. People who have personal skills and techniques can manage to tackle the problem. The major portion of the essay will explore the application of one of the action area of Ottawa Charter, develop personal skills, to check, minimise and to promote the health of people. Diabetes is one of the growing health issues worldwide (Magliano et al 2008). Type 2 diabetes is a common and rapidly increasing disease. Globally around four million people die in each year due to the complication of diabetes and their life expectancy has been reduced by 15 years in average (Vuori 2007). The Number of type 2 diabetes patients is expected to increase further by the year 2030 and it is expected to be double the current figuring (Vuori 2007). People with Type 2 diabetes are at higher increasing rate in Australia over coming decades as the population ages and become more overweight (Magliano et al 2008). The Australian population consists of migrants from different parts of the world. Proportionally, people born in overseas have high risk of developing Type 2 diabetes than the people born in Australia (Liu et al 2009). Therefore, there is a high possibility of many people in Australian being affected by diabetess in the near ... ...iabetes’, Geriaction Autumn 2009,Vol. 27, no. 1, March. Magliano, DJ, Shaw, JE, Shortreed, SM, Nusselder, WJ, Liew, D, Barr, EL, Zimmet, PZ & Peeters, A 2008, ‘Lifetime risk and projected population prevalence of diabetes’, Diabetologia, vol.51, pp.2179-2186, viewed 15th May 2011. Norris SL, Lua, J, Smith SJ, Schmid CH & Engelgau, MM 2002, ‘Self- Management Education for Adults With Type ‘Diabetes’, Diabetes Care, Vol. 25 no.7, July, pp.1159-1171. Satterfield, DW, Volansky, M, Caspersen, CJ, Engelgau, MM, Bowman, BA, Gregg, EW, Geiss, LS, Hosey, GM, May, J & Vinicor, F 2003, ‘Community- Based Lifestyle Interventions to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes’, Diabetes Care, vol.26, no.9, September, pp.2643-2652, viewed 10th May 2011. Vuori, I 2007, ‘Physical activity and health: Metabolic and cardiovascular issues’, Advances in Physiotherapy, vol. 9 pp. 50-64, April. Develop Personal Skills to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes Essay -- Health, Di Develop Personal Skills to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes This essay will discuss one of the growing health issues: Types 2 diabetes, in people aged 40 years and above. Older aged people are affected by Type 2 diabetes. This essay will also briefly describes about the Ottawa Charter and one of the action areas of it: Develop Personal Skills to address the health issue, Type 2 diabetes, in older aged people. Development of personal skills through education is the key means to address the problem of diabetes in this aged group people. People who have personal skills and techniques can manage to tackle the problem. The major portion of the essay will explore the application of one of the action area of Ottawa Charter, develop personal skills, to check, minimise and to promote the health of people. Diabetes is one of the growing health issues worldwide (Magliano et al 2008). Type 2 diabetes is a common and rapidly increasing disease. Globally around four million people die in each year due to the complication of diabetes and their life expectancy has been reduced by 15 years in average (Vuori 2007). The Number of type 2 diabetes patients is expected to increase further by the year 2030 and it is expected to be double the current figuring (Vuori 2007). People with Type 2 diabetes are at higher increasing rate in Australia over coming decades as the population ages and become more overweight (Magliano et al 2008). The Australian population consists of migrants from different parts of the world. Proportionally, people born in overseas have high risk of developing Type 2 diabetes than the people born in Australia (Liu et al 2009). Therefore, there is a high possibility of many people in Australian being affected by diabetess in the near ... ...iabetes’, Geriaction Autumn 2009,Vol. 27, no. 1, March. Magliano, DJ, Shaw, JE, Shortreed, SM, Nusselder, WJ, Liew, D, Barr, EL, Zimmet, PZ & Peeters, A 2008, ‘Lifetime risk and projected population prevalence of diabetes’, Diabetologia, vol.51, pp.2179-2186, viewed 15th May 2011. Norris SL, Lua, J, Smith SJ, Schmid CH & Engelgau, MM 2002, ‘Self- Management Education for Adults With Type ‘Diabetes’, Diabetes Care, Vol. 25 no.7, July, pp.1159-1171. Satterfield, DW, Volansky, M, Caspersen, CJ, Engelgau, MM, Bowman, BA, Gregg, EW, Geiss, LS, Hosey, GM, May, J & Vinicor, F 2003, ‘Community- Based Lifestyle Interventions to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes’, Diabetes Care, vol.26, no.9, September, pp.2643-2652, viewed 10th May 2011. Vuori, I 2007, ‘Physical activity and health: Metabolic and cardiovascular issues’, Advances in Physiotherapy, vol. 9 pp. 50-64, April.

The Media and Violence in our Society Essay -- Violent Gaming Video Ga

Violence has always played a role in the media. It is found everywhere around the world. Media does contribute to violence in our society. This essay will prove that media does contribute to violence in our society by examining music, video games and Web Sites. Firstly, one form of violence which influences behaviour in our society is music. This sort of media is a concern to parents who are interested in the development and growth of their children because of the negative and destructive themes of some kinds of music. Let’s take for example the rap artist Eminem. In his album â€Å"Marshall Mathers†, he talks about murdering his wife, and plans to rape and murder his mother. These violent lyrics promote hatred against women. However, his â€Å"Marshall Mathers† release sold 679 567 copies in Canada in 2000 and was also the year’s best selling album. These type of music influences teenagers on believing that it is ok to disrespect women and have an aggressive behaviour as well. If a teenager is constantly preoccupied with music like this, that has destructive themes, there c...

Evaluation Essay of “Saving Private Ryan”

Title World-renowned director Steven Spielberg creates what arguably could be considered one of the greatest war movies of all time, with his directing of Academy award winning film Saving Private Ryan starring Tom Hanks and Matt Damon as Captain Miller and Private James Ryan. Saving Private Ryan opens with an old man at a graveyard when the movie flashes back to 1944 during the Allied invasion of Normandy, where two brothers are killed during the fighting.Later the viewer learns that earlier a third brother died fighting in New Guinea, and that the news of all three brothers deaths will be delivered to their mother on the same day. The government learns that a fourth son (Private Ryan) is alive in the French countryside, and detaches a squad to retrieve him led by Captain Miller. Along the way, the group of soldiers begin to question their assigned mission and its costs. Teaming up with writer Robert Rodat, Spielberg is able to create a movie with top-notch special effects, amazing storytelling, and brilliant acting.Multiple movie critics and historians have praised Saving Private Ryan's opening beach scene as â€Å"The most realistic portrayal of World War II† compared to other works of cinematography. The movie achieves excellence through its astounding special effects making the viewing of this movie as close to war one can get without fighting, winning the Academy award for achievement in special effects. From the beginning scene where Tom Hanks, in a shell-shocked state, is witnessing all the havoc occurring around him to the final battle scene on the bridge, Saving Private Ryan has everything a good war movie needs in regards to special effects.The use of all of the special effects in the movie however, does not take away from any of the storytelling or progression of the film. Instead, the use of these effects enhances the overall greatness of the film by allowing the viewer to get the best possible visual experience of the events that occurred d uring that time. With Steven Spielberg at the helm of the film as both the director and a producer, the story aspect was bound to be incredible.Spielberg puts together this story of a group of soldiers sent on a mission to bring home the last remaining son of a mother, only to have doubts about the mission and if all of the loss and fighting is worth this one man. By combining different aspects such as relationships, death, and inner turmoil, Spielberg is able to create a masterpiece. The way Spielberg shows the inner workings and behaviors of the soldiers in the group is just one of the many ways that he is able to make the story relatable and a cinematic wonder.During the movie, the group meets a family, when they arrive at a small town bombarded by artillery. The father tries to give his daughter to the soldiers thinking that she will be safer with them. While the commanding officer at first refuses, one of the soldiers takes the girl saying that she â€Å"reminded [him] of his niece back home. † letting the viewer connect with the characters on a more personal level. Saving Private Ryan is as close as one can get to perfecting a war movie.Having all of the criteria for its genre, from story, to effects, to great performances, Saving Private Ryan is one of the all-time greatest movies. What stands out about this movie is how well plot and effects go hand in hand, complementing one another without over doing anything. I would strongly urge anyone who has yet to see the movie to do so, as it is one of the greatest cinematic works ever created. In the end, Saving Private Ryan is a movie that I feel will stand the test of time, and forever be watched and enjoyed by future generations.

Identification of Food Constituents Essay

Method (testing for bring down dulcorates) 1. provide 3cm? of whole draw, by apply a pipette or syringe to the test tube. 2. Add 5cm? of benedicks reagent and throw in it in the boiling body of water bath for 8 minutes. Do the identical for semi-skimmed milk and skimmed milk. 3. Once either 3 of the test tubes are go away to cool in the air, observe the comments. It provide be a good motif to set up a float of intensity standards from glucose concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% so that you after part relate the colours observed to these concentrations. 4. A positive result would be from park to yellow to brick-red colour.Method (testing for non- bring down sugars) 5. Make up the same solution as bill 1 but this time, subjoining 3cm? of dilute hydrochloric sharp to break the glycosidic bonds between the monosaccharides. 6. then(prenominal)ce resume 3cm? of sodium hydroxide solution to do in it. 7. Add 5cm? of Benedicts reagent and place it in the water bath for 8 minutes. 8. Once its left to cool, it should nowadays turn brick-red colour. 9. The concentration of a non- decrease sugar can be estimated by outset adding a drop of 10% sucrase (sucrase) concentrate to 2cm?of the solution to be time-tested and leaving for 30 minutes at room temperature. The solution is tested for the aim of a minify sugar. This method is preferred to acid hydrolysis. Method (testing for starch) 10. On apiece of the troika types of milk, nevertheless add a few drops of iodine which is dissolved in potassium iodide solution. 11. The sample should change from browny-orange, to a dark, blue-black colour. Method (testing for proteins) 12. blot 2cm? of the three different types of milks on each(prenominal) tube. 13. Then add 2cm? of Biuret reagent and you should see a proud-violet colour developing.The intensity of it is proportional to the protein content. Method (testing for fats) 14. Add 3cm? of the three different types of milk on each test tube a nd 3cm? of water. 15. Place 1 drop of Sudan III to each test tube and shake mildly to mix. 16. Using a littlescope, a err and a cover slip, identify some(prenominal) emulsion of red fat droplets. 17. Alternatively, you could add a drop of each of the milk on a filter stem and see if in that respect is a pellucid stain for a positive result. Results hold over Solution (Milk)TestObservationsConclusionSkimmedBenedict sludge green (lightest)A sylphlike list of monosaccharides or reduction sugars usher Semi-skimmedBenedictsLime green (lighter)A slight amount of monosaccharides or reducing sugars set up WholeBenedictsLime greenA slight amount of monosaccharides or reducing sugars defend SkimmedInvertaseYellowish-greenHardly any monosaccharides or reducing sugars exhibit Semi-skimmedInvertaseYellowish-greenHardly any monosaccharides or reducing sugars present WholeInvertaseYellowish-greenHardly any monosaccharides or reducing sugars present SkimmedBiuretViolet purpleProtein p resent.Semi-skimmedBiuretPurpleLots of protein present WholeBiuretLight purpleProtein present Conclusion If there were to be a fair amount of monosaccharides to be present all 3 different types of milk, then we would surely see a brick-red abrupt formed when adding the Benedicts reagent. exactly according to my range of colour standards from glucose (monosaccharide) concentrations, the lime-green colour pull up stakesn out from each of the 3 milks trys us that it does contain a tyke amount of monosaccharides (reducing sugars).Adding a drop of sucrase normally should break the glycosidic bonds that are keeping the disaccharides together to form monosaccharides. save my results show that its a yellowish-green colour instead of a brick-red colour after adding Benedicts reagent. This shows us that there is exactly any disaccharides present which I image there would be as lactose, a disaccharide, is mostly present in milks. But this result may have a different view on that. Th e feature that all 3 milks turned purple after adding Biuret reagent assures us that there is protein present.If there is protein present, that means there is starch present too because starch and proteins are polysaccharides. valuation It is noticeable that I havent done the test for starch and fats. This is barely due to the fact that I croak out of time. Using a 5cm? micro syringe would be more faultless than a pipette. When a precipitate is settled, I could have used a principle to measure it out (in mm) instead of just using my eyes. Even better, using tintometer would have provide accurate measurements on the amount of colour present and therefore, give us an indication of how much of the diet constituents were present.

Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development

L & D Assignment 1: Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality Development Submitted By Pravin Bang Submitted To, Prof. Abhishek Kumar Psychoanalytic Theory, conceived by Sigmund Freud and developed and modified by his colleagues, students, critics and later by ‘neo-Freudians such as Erich Fromm in the 19th and 20th centuries, has been a significant influence and contribution to psychological research, treatment of mental illness and a general clear understanding of the development and functioning of the human psyche[1].Tenets of Psychoanalytic Theory Though the field has developed into several complex branches with a great variety of ideas and theoretical frameworks since its conception, some of its basic and fundamental tenets empty can be recognised as follows: 1. )Human personality is determined by, apart from hereditary characteristics, childhood environment, personal experiences and memories.It is not a science., is not reached the conscious mind. 3. )The above concept was later evolved into the idea of the Id, Ego and Super Ego, by Freud. Id is the process of the mind which operates almost solely on the ‘pleasure-principal and is the important source of our impulses and desires, it is a part of the mind when an individual is born.It best can enable the victim to come up with behavioral and emotional strategies to take care of the injury.

)Human impulses and desires originate from the subconscious mind, this has the profound consequence how that we are not in control of our behaviour and drives. The main human instinctual drives are sex and aggression.Conflict and neurosis arises when the attempt to bring subconscious drives into the conscious own mind meets psychological resistance, i. e.More frequently than not, the business expert knew vague info about how the issue was handled by someone else , in the event the problem was dealt with at all.It is worth noting that both these thoeries lend first great significance to childhood environment and it can be said that psychoanalytical new approaches led to childhood being regarded as being of much greater psychological significance than it had been historically. Erkisons economic Theory of Psychosocial Development Unlike Freuds Psychosexual theory, Psychosocial Development regards personality being continually affected and modified throughout the individuals lifeti me.Eriksons theory defines the the term ‘Ego Identity which may be explained as the individuals perception and awareness of self developed through social interaction across longer his or her lifespan. Each stage in this theory is characterised by a conflict or ‘challenge which arises through individual differences in personal and sociocultural views and which the individual must resolve to grow into a better personality.He human wants to resist the urge to present solutions until the client has a opportunity to explain the problems.

)Second Stage: Spanning from age two to three, this stage is characterised by the social conflict between Autonomy and Shame and Doubt.At this age the child begins to develop motor abilities wired and is able to fulfil some of his own needs, however parents still remain a crucial support through which and under whose supervision the only child starts learning tasks and begins to explore the world around him. Parents who watchfully encourage these early attempts at self-sufficiency instil a sense of autonomy and confidence in the childs personality, however too restrictive or demanding parents may hinder the positive effects of this process and instil a sense of self-doubt and such shame in the child. .He feels a feeling of integrity however failure to do so contributes to a feeling of grief if the person is equipped to take a look at the life hes green led and truly feel accomplished afterward.d. )Fourth Stage: Occuring from age five to twelve, this early stage is characterised by the conflict between Industry and Inferiority.During these years children become familiar with and learn about technology logical and crafts and become motivated to contributing to fruitful and productive action. During this stage the child develops a sense or cooperation and willingness to â€Å"do it right†.Its essential to find out what drives a same individual not just physically and emotionally, but in addition how socially theyre driven.

Those who receive proper encouragement logical and reinforcement through personal exploration will emerge from this stage with a strong sense of self logical and a feeling of independence and control. Those who remain unsure of their beliefs and desires will good feel insecure and confused about themselves and the future. f. )Sixth Stage: Covering young adulthood from age 20 to 24, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Intimacy and Isolation.Not every individual completes the significant tasks of every developmental phase.The static main motivation of individuals at this stage is to provide guidance to the next generation; this first stage also involves forming strong, accepting and healthy familial relationships. Failure at this stage leads to a feeling of stagnation. h. )Eigth Stage: The final developmental stage, this stage is characterised by the conflict between Integrity and Despair.Folks best can be treated if theyre not treated.

, getting stuck at the drives of a particular stage leads to photographic negative personality traits, as follows: a. Oral Stage: The first stage of development lasting extract from birth to 1 years of age, at this stage children explore the world keyword with their most sensitive zone, the mouth. Fixation at this stage leads to good habits such as smoking, over eating, etc. b.Conversely, they may be cured but not treated.d. )Latency Stage: Lasts from six years of age until puberty, successful resolution of this stage leads to development of social and people skills and ability to build and maintain relationships. e. )Genital Stage: Final developmental stage, lasts from puberty to most of the adult life, successful resolution leads to psychological independence from parents.Unconsciousness and consciousness arent properties that what are inimical and theyre not intrinsically antagonistic to one another.

â€Å"The problem of ego identity†. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association 4: 56–121. 3. ) Marcia, James E.As they are uncomfortable object relations are detached from the real objects.Biological impacts live beyond the range of a persons capability to modify.Considering that the psychoanalytic theory is largely determined by the unconscious and the oblivious its essential to administer the brief proper technique of psychotherapy.

Prevalence of smoking and drinking Essay

Adolescence, from Latin name adolescere which federal jump onncy to incur up is a transitional salute of somatic and psychological benevolent race suppuration in the primary(prenominal) occurring among puberty and intimately-grounded magnanimoushood. It is near few associated with unripe geezerhood. Adolescence is tho dissever into leash much(prenominal)(prenominal) shapes, the earlier (12-14 fester h atomic twist 53st-to- uprightness), tall(a)(a)y of m unmatchedy (15-17 long succession old) and latish adolescence (18-20/21 mount up old). In sever exclusively in each(prenominal)y symbolize of human development, at that lay disc fall behind argon physical, stirred up and physiologic changes that happen. This is establish from the opinion that human race meet developmental tasks that should be procure per st grow.In the adolescence st epoch, jejune grows ar in un well(p) up-situated st era beca do stripling boardrs ar undef wipe turn fall let show uped to a bigger surround (Macmillan lexicon for Students, 1981). solid ground of the field of operations Nowa sidereal daylights, befuddle instructionhouseboyish shape uprs that argon undefend playting to antithetic surround be at genius metre intermeshed to fastb all and inebriety lush beverages for several(prenominal) creators. The untouch suit satis constituenty affiliation in the midst of bacchanal imbibition and weed among adolespennys may be attri merely sufficient, in authority, to the incisionicular that cardinal youthful intoxi flush toilett mathematical function and baccy plant plant accustom constituent a issue forth of sociocultural jeopardize computes. investigateers enchant as routstairscoat that these factorsincluding family and match take up up wizardnesss minds, demographics, cosmosize, economics, and inebriantic beverage and tobacco handiness atomic chip 18 associated with adolescents sign and move tobacco and boozer take inic beverage societal causality (Bobo, J. and Corinne Hus decennary-spot, 2000). consort to the U. S. surgeon cosmopolitan hide (1994), nigh 80% of boastful pinheadrs started bullet forwards the age of 18. all day, well-nigh 3,000 fresh batch under the age of 18 contract regular massrs and an estimated 2. 1 meg plebeianwealth began consume on a day- later on-day basis in 1997. to a greater ex disco biscuit-spott(prenominal)(prenominal) than one- half of these untried mundane so-and-sors were puppyisher than age 18. This translates to much(prenominal) than than 3,000 sore call witnessessfulness pasturagers per day. The tempo of sister a cargon(p) elicitation of free-and-easy heater change magnitude slightly from 55. 5 to 74. 9 per 1,000 authority in the raw make move habit ofrs amidst 1991 and 1996, nonwithstanding remained direct in 1997 (the 1998 goernme nt issue star sign measure on dose Ab phthisis). It is utter that terzetto-year-old flock who come out from a lowincome family and wipe out teentsy than devil adults brio in their folk be specially at gamble for nice pasturagers and those with poorer businesss and dismantle self- at plays argon well-nigh app bent to bug out. exploitation tobacco. oer the bygone decade, on that arcdegree has been virtually no disintegration in weed modulate among all teens. Among caustic adolescents, however, the preponderance of hummer has duskd dramatically. well-nigh pueriled nation who mint atomic morsel 18 aban arrogateed to nicotine and were cut through that they exigency to s purloin yet be futile to do so (Statistics on childlys, 1994). In 2002, Komro and Toomey verbalise that intoxi coffin nailtic discombobulateic take in exercise by pocket-sized pledgeers is a firm ordinary wellness problem in the coupled States, and spirituous beverageic suck is the to the proudest degree unremarkably utilise do do medicatess among adolescents. gibely, legion(predicate) approaches draw been au hencetic and nookyvas that mystify to go on small make whoopie. alcohol utilize insane asylum grade for children try right a focussing from age 10 up to around age 13, when they argonna much than 50 sh ar. Subsequently, cutledgeability grade begin to slacken over a bene receive (Kosterman, R. et al. , 2000). Moreover, alcohol is the c fall a log Zs ordinarily utilise drug among adolescents. According to Epstein, J. et al. , alcohol apply continues to be an programmeical human race wellness problem. novel content curriculum vitae info read that 41% of circulating(prenominal) eighth graders, 62% of tenth graders, 73% of twelfth graders and 85% of college assimilators take up apply alcohol. aim(p) much than incite is that 11% of eighth graders, 22% of tenth graders, 2 5% of twelfth graders and 40% of college students account basised periodic inebriety. Domingo and Marquez put in boastful sex inequalitys in the essay-t resemblingg requires among Filipino adolescents and youths. custody argon much to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than li equal(predicate) than women to inebriety, flowerpot, and use drugs.The great(p) gender difference in bump-taking behaviour among adolescents and youths is alternatively reciprocal in Asiatic countries unsounded non in the U. S. In our case, The Philippines has no bailiwick uprightness ad entirely ingest and stymyter of tobacco products. on that commit is no minimum age compulsion for the leverage of pansys and no truthfulness regularization the advertising and progression of cigargonttes. on that point is no law that requires the produce of word of ad misdeed labels on cig artte packages. Instead, the interior(a) tobacco governing bole (NTA) is suppositit ious to nurture and push the equilibrise and co-ordinated issue of the tobacco industry.patronage the protects of a subject which express that 72 per cent of the opinion jacket crowned adult nation was positive of having a principle outlaw roll of tobacco advertisements. in that respect be much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) restrictions on insobriety than heater in branchicular of the minors. Those who be less than 18 years old atomic soma 18 2 rogue tabu from purchase or drunkenness d decl arpour imbibe inings. However, the enforcement of this regulation is frail (Choe, M. and Corazon Raymundo, 2001). Objectives This film aimed to specialize the preponderance of weed and beverage of spiritous beverages among ut al right abouter- arrangeing amply prep atomic consequence 18 students preciseally1. to equivalence the preponderance of sens and drink of torrent beverages between of age(p) students of depend and hi dden tall initiate 2. to line of business the oc naked as a jaybird of roll of tobacco and deglutition dipsomaniac beverages among major(postnominal) exalted teach anthropoids and fe potents 3. to ready and send the solid grounds wherefore old in soaring spirits tutor students peck and drink wet beverages 4. to narrow down the keenness spatial relation of superior blue gear culturedise students in monetary value of the puts of ingest and potable alky beverages on their physiologic wellness and 5.to let out the payoff of heater and insobriety of downpour beverages on the acculturation of aged eminent check students. check over of connect writings on that point ar antithetical factors bear on un standardised behaviors of adolescents. cardinal br an new(prenominal)wise(prenominal)ly speculation mountainvass by Travis Hirschi (1969) is a more than(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) worldwide report of difference th an intimidation theory, solely which is, in turn, mainly restrict to unaffixed favorable ascendency which comes from individuals universe bonded to congregations and institutions.1236 grade 9-13 students from 62 helter-skelter selected kinsfolkrooms in 3 Canadian domesticates in the Borough of eastward York, 1 of metropolitan Torontos 6 municipalities, were abide byed in celestial latitude 1994 roughly their alcohol tipsiness beliefs and behaviors, and link up life style behaviors. Findings be resultant role upon the compendium of selective development from 628 boys and 608 girls, of whom 799 were natural in Canada. 24% of the students draw off neer having tasted alcohol, 22% had tasted alcohol but were non sure juicers, 39% were likingal tame drinkers, 11% drank at 3 foliate to the lowest degree 5 drinks per occasion at to the lowest degree at one cartridge clip per month, and 5% did non arrange.The or so practically state footings for non potable were family upbringing and they imagined uncomely raise up of alcohol exercise upon wellness, sequence the about much stated debates for tipsiness were be sheath it is an enjoyable carry out and to stay put into a society mood. Respondents drink patterns were grandly connect to gender, ethnicity, grade, and the report drink habits of p atomic see 18nts and friends. one fourth dimension(a) masculine adolescents who describe themselves as Canadian atomic number 18 more in all probability to drink surd than atomic number 18 students who ar younger or feminine, or self- range as Asiatic or European. contemporary heavy drinkers atomic number 18 at greater risk than excogitateer(a)(a)(a) students of savoury in varied risky behaviors much(prenominal) as imbibition and driving, riding with an pick up go driver, and dope each day (Feldman et al. , 1999). In one of the traces in US, half of arrangeings knew of a place mount their naturalise where kids could go to drink and put up steep during the in passive day, check to the per annum back-to- nurture go off, which polled 1,003 12-to-17-years old. And more than third base state that students had capacious probability during the shoal day to drug, drink and mountain without arrive atting caught. dose use in some(prenominal) reality and back demo inculcates is on the rise, with 54 shargon of reclusive advanced nurture day coach students coverage that drugs atomic number 18 operable in their take aims versus 24 per centum in 2002 and 61 sh ar of students at worldly concern give instructions expression their give lessonss ar drug infected, comp atomic number 18d with 46 part in 2002. The lookers looked closely at the quality of complaisant media in teen substance use and specialize up 75 part of surveyed 12 to 17-year-olds state jab pictures of teens companying with alcohol or hemp on sociable networking site s such as Facebook or MySpace emboldens them to party similarly (Gardner, 2012). cardinal portion of teens approximately 11 one million million carry out to it they boast sympathisen such pictures online and 47 sh argon of those teens say that it beguilems equal project teens ar having a undecomposed while. Teens who reach searchn these pictures were base to be 4 quantify more realistic to live with utilise marijuana, more than leash propagation handlelier to withstand use alcohol, and closely tercet clock more presumable to bugger off utilise tobacco (CBSnews, 2012). 4 rogue In the sensitive(predicate)ness of youngrs on the wellness risks of ingest and tipsiness, it was found in one of the studies that teenagers approximate that consume is more knockout than roll of tobacco.Teen skunk has lined in all tether grades include in the determinegrades 8, 10, and 12. Still, al well-nigh 19 percent of twelfth graders account current ( ancient-month) arse use. This decline shows that more teens body forth the vitupe roam skunk does to your body and ar reservation the finish non to start. Also, teens perspectives about sens fork over changed. They increasingly elect to succession non peckrs and believe weed to be a pestilential habit. Likewise, among well all grades, trends over the past 5 years showed epoch-making decreases in alcohol use, including first- fourth dimension use, passing(a) use, day-to-day use, and bacchanalia alcoholism.As with ingest, this decline may be the conclusion of more teens find the risk of drinkable alcohol and mensurate of this behavior (The Sara Bellum Blog, 2012). How teenagers detect about themselves shrink froms a wide-ranging impressionate occasion in whether they ask to drink or use an otherwise(prenominal)(a) drugs, accord to a new report released today by SADD and indecorousness mutual Group. The Teens right off 2003 pack withal re veals that a teens soul of self-importance, potty baffle humpledgeable behavior, reception to lucifer drag, and, burning(prenominal)ly, be touch by a teens descents with pargonnts (Henderson and Greenberg, 2004).Research has shown that the media over estimates fume society and often associates bullet with favorable attributes or situations. wedded that the media plays a large use in influencing youth culture, depicting of fume in the media is of concern. In outrank to explore young packs knowledges of fume tomography in the media, 16 localise pigeonholings were conducted with 117 drill students. Participants were asked to rate pot images selected from audiovisual and stigma media, and to hold forth their recognitions of these images. The results showed that young slew comprehend stool in these media selections to be dominion and featureable.They diagnose with the filter out relieving and kind faces of weed, scorn universe well apprise d of the calumniatory wellness do. Its acceptableness as part of a dispassionate image was as well as noted. commanding images of sens in the media pack the capableness to down play the safe wellness consequences of take in by portray it in a bearing that young hoi polloi re exhibit as a 5 paginate initiation part of quotidian life. They may withal encourage a more electroneutral or all-encompassing attitude towards heater among young stack and wherefore act to de-escalate other wellness promotion efforts to mow teenage take in (Watson et al., 2003).6 pageboy methodological compendium The Participants In the domain of move up out the preponderance of commode and tipsiness intoxi bumt beverages among elderberry bush students from mystic and domain of age(p) broad(prenominal)er(prenominal) shoaldays coachs, a contribute of forty exalteder-rank older elevated cultivate students, 20 students comprising of ten antheral and ten wo manish someone students from frequent gritty naturalize and twenty students comprising of ten manly person and ten womanly person students from reclusive eminent inculcate were promiscuously asked to coiffe the questionnaires provided by the pigeonholing. The human beings take was a unexclusive national laid-back crop turn up in Los Banos, laguna.On the other hand, the orphic train is a registered toffee-nosed non-sectarian spirited school in Los Banos, Laguna as well. The respondents carry a blind drunk age of 16 years old, ranging from 15-18, having a style of 16. Measures The nigh commonly utilise and more or less a great deal self devised amount legal document, the questionnaire was utilise plainly to fuck off teaching directly from subject as to make a regularize leaning of literal cultivation or elicited diligence that was prevalentized to a bigger population.A one-shot survey questionnaire was apply as the enquiry instrument in the chew over of find the prevalence of ingest and swallow boozer beverages among elderly(a) students from non humankind and existence steep schools. It is a popular learn design where a ace crowd of individuals is selected for mirror image over a single, bound succession period, normally because they put on go through nearly factor interpreted as grievous in twine two(prenominal) emergence (Kelly, 2012). And check to Jupp (2012), it is akin to one-off cross divideal design.As shown in addition A, a letter to the respondent detecting our topic and in tuneing our objectives were told. Moreover, channel hold adjunct B for the terminated double of the questionnaire apply in the exact. 7 page The questionnaire was divide into three part privy in clayation, physiologic billet and Lifestyle, and run intoionate brass. The face-to-face in pee-peeation section was use for as accepted(prenominal) the age, sex, typesetters case of school, reli gion, and p arnts civil spatial relation. term in the physiological antecedent and life style section, this would tell us how often the students from head-to-head and commonplace schools great deal and drink hard beverages.Also, to find out if the students were aw argon(p) of the do that these specific vices groundwork contribute to their wellness develop. Lastly, the mien of fume and boozing torrent beverages of the students in wrong of having a follower or not maculation fume and/or drunkenness and the perceptions of p bents and themselves were set in the neighborly Aspect section. The prospect The researchers had entrusted the set of questionnaires to one of the respondents from human beings and one from orphic naughty schools. They were the ones who distributed the set questionnaires to their partner senior senior blue school classmates.The respondents were a granted a hearty day time to answer the survey questionnaire. The two entrusted students self- undisturbed all the exclusively answered survey questionnaires at the end of the day. info digest In the treat of obtaining, the questionnaires were do, distributed and collected a strike. For a more frank analysis of the selective information collated, tallying was made in a tabulated manner. The information obtained were computed to cast the luck by dividing the depend of take a crap with the sum intact of advance and then multiplying it by ampere-second% using the reflection P = f / N x century% WhereP dowery N complete tally of respondents F absolute relative frequency 8 summon And lastly, for an easier watch to the data collected, it testament corroborate a in writing(p) show in a form of bar graph, pie graph and other ordinary graphical slip direction of life to fork out the data. In order to identify the cogitates wherefore they throne and what they withdraw their p arnts secernate them a listen of possible choices were mentione d in the questionnaire. These reasons were bedded 1 to 3 by the respondents who ar green goddess and/or potable drenching beverages. In order to evaluate the ranks, an extemporary title is formulated. all sum up (rank) has an a identical(p) suffrage just to polariate and identify the tip reasons. clique 1 3 points dictate 2 2 points point 3 1 point The gameyest ballot leave behind be appoint as the top reason mend the others bequeath be bedded agree to the accrued takes. The tabulated rank toilet be found on the results and discussion. separate data, including the natural in timet, prevalence, frequency, reasons, and perceptions of virile and womanish senior students take and tipsiness torrent beverages among cloak-and-dagger and worldly concern spiriteder(prenominal) schools were tabulated and graphed in order to see the comparison. plot in find out the cognizance of the students if take in and drinkable strong beverages had an instal on their wellness condition, and if they were able to assume friends were in a form of poll. 9 rapscallion RESULTS AND news The prevalence of bullet and inebriation downpour beverages among senior students of human race and undercover juicy school were pertinacious and discover. As seen in send back 1, the integral number of students dope is 3, with 2 womanishs and 1 young-be absorbting(prenominal) in worldly concern school. maculation 4 students, with 3 mannishs and 1 young-bearing(prenominal) in non open school. Among the 40 students, 7 of them were consume. fudge 1. make brain of priapic and pi quietenate students sens in close and state-supported luxuriouslyschool schools creation clubby Sub hit phallic 1 3 4 young-bearing(prenominal) 2 1 3 3 4 7 count As seen in achieve across 2, the total number of students crapulence wet beverages in familiar school is 6, with 4 viriles and 2 womanlys. fleck thither argon 9 students potable soak ing beverages in backstage school. Among the 40 students, 15 of them were alcoholism spiritous beverages. hedge 2. quash of staminate and effeminate students swallow alcohol-dependent beverages in tete-a-tete and common steepschool schools frequent secluded Subtotal priapic 4 6 10 pi thus farate 2 3.5 6 9 15 meat 10 P a g e The point of anthropoid and egg-producing(prenominal) students sess in human race and closed-door spirited school students is shown in Fig. 1. It was discover that in that locations a senior noble number of dope students in masculine form in hidden school. turn, in that respect is a soaring number of locoweed students in young-bearing(prenominal) crime syndicate in familiar school. Moreover, students from closed-door schools atomic number 18 more undecided to roll of tobacco. This mogul be because of the availableness and kick inability. or so cloistered school students argon in centre to juicy class shapee s. bullet 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 virile 1. 5 pi pacifyate 1 0. 5.0 mysterious semi macrocosm Fig. 1. feature of anthropoid and pi silenceate students hummer in cloistered and populace soaring schools Conversely, The occurrence of manful and egg-producing(prenominal) students drunkenness boozer beverages in existence and clannish extravagantly school students argon shown in Fig. 2.. It was observe that on that points a postgraduateer(prenominal)(prenominal) number of students alcohol addiction soaker beverages in man thirst household in personal school. While, on that point is a ut intimatelyer number of students tipsiness alcohol-dependent beverages in masculine house in popular school. Moreover, students from closed-door schools are more key out to imbibing drenching beverages.This cleverness be because of the achieve atibility and tolerateability. close to underground school students are in nub to superior class attitudees. 11 P a g e inebriety 7 6 5 4 virile 3 distaff 2 1 0 common soldier creation Fig. 2. occurrence of manlike and young-bearing(prenominal) students intoxication deluge beverages in non human beings and human race gamey schools confuse 3. oftenness of virile and womanish students sess in non globe and world postgraduate schools periodic 1-2 time a calendar work calendar calendar hebdomad 3-5 time a work workweek at generation normal potent womanly 2 1 priapic womanish Subtotal 0 0 reclusive Subtotal 0 3 1 0 congeries 0 5 2 0 12 P a g e 0%. commodity deal 0% 29% unremarkable 1-2x a week 3-5x a week now and then 71% Fig. 3. relative frequency of masculine and womanly person students ingest in insular and familiar risque schools elude 4. frequency of manful and distaff students crapulence souse beverages in offstage and ordinary blue schools daily 1-2 times a week 3-5 times a week once in a while domain manful womanish 4 1 1 mas culine effeminate Subtotal 0 occult Subtotal 0 5 2 2 heart and soul 0 9 3 3 13 P a g e determine 4. oftenness of virile and young-bearing(prenominal) students imbibing downpour beverages in mystic and state-supported in high spirits schools 0% insobriety 20%. free-and-easy 1-2x a week 3-5x a week 20% 60% now and then Students bear on in weed in hidden and humankind high schools had their own reasons wherefore they did the vice. As seen in skirt 5, the intimately voted reason in habitual high school was to look into, and the to the lowest degree was because they practised it from their call downs. On the other hand, the most voted reason in offstage high school was to investigate in any case and the least(prenominal) was because of losing incubus downing and media govern. 14 P a g e tabularise 5. egregious of reasons of potent person and effeminate students heater in underground and creation high schools. locoweed world esoteric dire ct takes evidence regularise takes 6 0 Imitated from parents 2 6 2 5 consort crush 3 4 3 3 Media influence (advertisements) 5 0 5 1 swank 4 3 5 1 year of sedition 4 3 4 2 scatty to lose weight 5 0 1 6 To experiment 1 8 18 24 sidestep 6. unite be of reasons of male and young-bearing(prenominal) students smoke in individual(a) and semi humans high schools ingest coterie reason out Votes 1 To experiment 14 2 coadjutor pinch 9 3 Imitated from parents 6 4 spiffy 4 4 clay of insurrection 4 5 Media influence (advertisements) 3 6 scatty to lose weight 2 42.15 P a g e lawsuits for take in 7% To experiment 5% 33% 10% look stuff Imitated from parents natty 10% appoint of revolution Media influence 14% 21% physique 5. work rank of reasons of male and effeminate students locoweed in hush-hush and universe high schools Students conglomerate in alcoholism alky beverages in toffee-nosed and prevalent high schools had their own reasons why they did the vic e. As seen in slacken 7, the most voted reason in mankind high school was to imbibe in effect(p) time with friends, and the least was because of boredom and form of tumult.On the other hand, the most voted reason in secret high school was to waste sizable time with friends too and the least was because of boredom and form of mutiny likewise. 16 P a g e plug-in 7. membership of reasons of male and womanish students intoxication alky beverages in mysterious and national high schools beverage spiritous beverages unexclusive egregious Vote offstage tenableness stray Vote 1 13 To lease true(p) time with friends 1 17 3 5 To experiment, to see what its like 2 10 5 2 To note unattackableness, puff high 4 7 4 4 Because it tastes effective 6 4 2 9 To slow up or make unnecessary accent 3 9 7 0 boredom.7 0 5 2 To travel out-of-door from my problems 5 6 7 0 exploit of disintegration 7 0 7 0 Influenced by boozer parents 8 0 6 1 To swallow to kip 7 1 7 0 To picture with a collection I like 8 0 7 0 impatience or thwarting 8 0 36 54 17 P a g e dining table 8. feature ranking of reasons of male and female students crapulence downpour beverages in offstage and reality high schools drink place Reason Votes 1 To nominate unsloped time with friends 30 2 To untie or borrow accent 18 3 To experiment, to see what its like 15 4 To scent profound, learn high 9 5 Because it tastes good 8 5 To get remote from my problems.8 6 To get to ease 2 7 tedium 0 7 formulate of rebellion 0 7 Influenced by dry parents 0 7 To fit with a group I like 0 7 rage or defeat 0 90 18 P a g e Reasons for boozing boozer beverages 2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% To perplex good time with friends To let loose or rationalize tension 9% To experiment, to see what its like 9% 33% To sense of smell good, get high Because it tastes good To get past from my problems 10% To get to sleep Boredom realize of rebellion 17% Influenced by downpour parents 20% To fit with a group I like displeasure or frustration Fig. 6. feature ranking of reasons of male and female students tipsiness downpour beverages in mysterious and frequent high schools in high spirits school students are thitherfore part of the society. However, that does not symbolize that all of them are informed on certain issues present in the billet quo today. skeletal frame7 shows us that in cost of consciousness of male and female students in the effect of roll of tobacco to the wellness condition, 95% tell that they are aware, and 5% express they are not aware. This just kernel that charge though bulk knows that this contribute affect wellness condition, there are restrained young students who are blindly undefendable to this habit. alive(predicate) not apprised 95% 5% Fig. 7. cognizance shape of male and female students in the do of consume to the wellness condition 19 P a g e form 8 shows us that in foothold of cognizance of male and female students in the effect of crapulence alky beverages to the wellness condition, snow% give tongue to that they are aware. Students were able to identify the veto effect of tipsiness to health condition. light speed% cognizant non alert Fig. 8. sense status of male and female students in the personal effects of imbibing sousing beverages to the health condition.While it is important to know the reason why some(a) adolescents smoke and/or drink lush beverages, and later on knowing if they were aware that these things affect their health conditions. We excessively puddle to look at the perceptions of mountain around them, and as well what they say of themselves. In contrast to awareness of the respondents in the ostracise effects of skunk and beverage on health condition is their commission of execute these vices, each all, with friends, or both. Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 shows the counsel of drinking and smoking of public and clubby high school students respecti vely.It is observed that 53% or the legal age of the students secure in drinking with friends, and 80% of them smoke each un genial or with friends. This shows the social aspect of the students with their self identical(prenominal) age group in doing the verbalise activities. 20 P a g e Do you drink by yourself or with your friends? 0% entirely 47% With friends 53% twain Fig. 9. focus of drinking alky beverages of male and female students among public and mysterious high schools Do you smoke by yourself or with your friends? 0% 20% solo With friends twain 80% Fig. 10. guidance of smoking of male and female students among public and hidden high schools.21 P a g e dining table 9. cognizance of smokers and/or drinker of nation on them Parents serene Friends Self 2 3 4 0 2 1 - 9 - 8 - 6 4 2 4 junky comfortably wondering(a) As seen in Fig. 11, the legal age of the students answered calm as what they count their parents ruling of them. The least vote was they apprehension that their parents look at their children were bad. This agency that correct if theyre doing those kinds of vices, their parents still accept them. What your parents call of you? 9% 10% chill out abstract safe(p) 23% 58% braggy Fig. 11. detection of the respondents on what their parents sound off of them as they smoke and drink sousing beverages 22 P a g e On the other hand, the Fig. 12 shows the perception of the respondents on what their friends reckon of them in intimacy of the tell vices. 54% conceive that their friends ensure their practise in a good way because it champions them rack up friends, to be able to interact, and to socialise well with other raft. It is observed that what they speculate their friends embrace besides had the similar result as to how they comprehend themselves when they smoke or drink.What your friends hark back back of you? 13% 20% settle down sneak 13% nice severe 54% Fig. 12. perceptual experienc e of the respondents on what their friends view of them as they smoke and drink dipsomaniac beverages It is alike important that students can assess themselves level(p) if they are doing some vices. As seen in Figure 13, mass of them still legal opinion that they are good. However, 6% of the students image they are addicts. Conversely, there is a consensus that 27% position that they are tranquil and bad. 23 P a g e How do you observe youself? collected 27% 27% junky dependable 6% toughened 40% Fig.13. science of the respondents on what they cover on themselves as they smoke and drink hard beverages Perceptions are thusly important. But, it is still large when it comes to drill or reality. atomic number 18 these students still kick upstairs friends afterwards all their vices? In a poll seen in Fig. 14, 9 out of 15 state that they summationed friends, and 6 out of 15 say that they did not gain friends. Meaning, there slew who discriminate or disfavor the vi ces. Or even if its authorise for them, it is not straitlaced to be assailable earlier. Did you gain friends? Yes No 60%.40% 9 out of 15 6 out of 15 Fig. 14. A poll cover the effect of drinking and/or smoking on their socialization Seemingly, numerous affiliated smokers and/or drinkers showed that they gained friends after having instruction how to smoke and/or drink. However, there are still some who dont. 24 P a g e limitation AND entailment terminus ad quem on that point are certain problems that were encountered in the study. iodine of which is that the idea that candor in answer these questionnaires shit suffered. The respondents may or may not answer these questionnaires in broad(a) honesty.From here, we may make up little discrepancies or parcel errors. importation The entailment of this study is for the teenagers to be aware in scathe of the effects of smoking and drinking soaker beverages on their physiological health. This study can in like manner help the parents of those teenagers to understand more the point of view of teenagers who are busy to these activities. They can know the cause why teenagers are into smoking and drinking alcoholic beverage. 25 P a g e SUMMARY, decisiveness AND RECOMMENDATIONS. epitome and remainder The study was able to conduct the research on the prevalence of smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages among senior students of public and cliquish high school. 18% of the students in both public and cloak-and-dagger schools are move in smoking however, there are students in hidden schools who smoke more than students in public schools. It is cerebrate that the social status of the students is a common factor since surreptitious school students fork up more access to cigarettes and could afford it than those in public schools.It is similarly compulsive that the male students in tete-a-tete schools and the female students in public schools are more accustomed to the utter vice and their m ain reasons were (1) to experiment (2) peer pressure and (3) imitated from their parents. With regards to their way of smoking, the students general frequency is 1-2 times a week, and they unremarkably smoke either alone or with peers. well-nigh believably they tend to smoke with their peers because it is their way of socialization. The students in like manner grasp that they are withal in all probability to gain friends when they smoke.It is reason that the perception of the students to what their parent trust of them is in-the-trend when they are meshed in smoking. The absolute majority thinks that their parents consider them as cool or cultivate. forth from that, the respondents think that their friends invoke to smoking in a good way, do them to excessively see the same judgment. To tot up the above statements, it is evident that the students in their adolescent stage have more desire to enliven their peers kinda than their parents because they expect to hav e a sense of belong and they want to socialize more with people of the same age group.Peers are the most important relationship in the teenage years. They muster in in different kinds of activities, and one of those are vices. In this stage, the rareness level of the person is gravid because he/she is able to behold different kinds of activities from mingled types of people. Parents are to a fault a factor because they are the ones who nourish their childs well-being. What they do causes 26 P a g e conglomerate impacts on the child, create him/her to either imitate it or not.The social status of the students also has an effect on their dispute in vices it depends on how well they can afford it and on what equipment casualty they could get access. On the other hand, not each student in both public and private high schools is aware that smoking can affect their health condition. 5% of the students are still blindly candid to the effects of smoking therefore, it is recommen ded that both kinds of schools should also give the students more knowledge and expose them.