English writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

English writing - Essay ExampleAmong the biggest differences between mainland China and America are their cultural values and these have been cultivated over a long period. China is an extremely conservative ground with most of the cultural practices of its pile being influenced to a certain degree by the teachings of the philosopher Confucius. This influence has been paramount in China for over two millennia and has guided the Chinese nation throughout all its incarnations. The culture of the United States, on the other hand, is very liberal with individuals living their lives as they see fit, making Americans very independent people from a young age. Moreover, Chinese culture dictates that younger people be subservient and submissive towards their elders, obeying them without question. Young Chinese people tend to be compel to take care of their elders until the latter die and in most consequences, elderly Chinese are very revered in the society. This is not necessarily the cas e in America where younger people tend to live their own lives without any consideration to the wishes of their elders (Weston). The elderly people in America tend to be highly independent and often live by themselves going into homes for the elderly when they can no longer take care of themselves rather than living with their children.another(prenominal) difference that arises between America and China is on their systems of education, which are in many ways managed diversely. The Chinese system of education tends to be slightly more difficult than that of America because students have to undergo a rigorous system of examinations almost at every level of their education to ensure that they are qualified enough to proceed to the next level. The American system, on the other hand, is less rigorous with the number of people whose performance in school is below intermediate being extremely high. In China, parents tend to be very involved in

What effect does the financial crisis have on the luxury fashion Essay

What effect does the financial crisis wipe out on the luxury fashion market - Essay ExampleA luxury true(p) is a good for which the demand of the consumer increases as the income level increases. Luxury goods have always been a symbol of prosperity and wealth for ages, for the spendthrifts, who desire and enjoy buying. Owning and wanting to be the owner of luxury tips such as the latest designer clothes, jewelry, watches, is a pleasure on its own. Items that comes with a heavy price tag than ordinary items and have a known brand name is identified as luxury item. In economics, luxury goods have said to have high elasticity of demand, which in pass that when buyers become wealthier they would like to spend more and more cash on the luxury items. It also means that when there is a turn down in income level there will be a decrease in demand. Both income and demand are directly proportional to each early(a), if one increases the other rises as well and vice versa. Income elasticity of demand is not constant with respect to income, and the demand may changes at different income levels. That is to say, a luxury good becomes a normal or an inferior good at a higher income, if we take an example of a rich person who would stop buying increasing numbers of luxury cars for his automobile collection to start collecting airplanes as his purchasing power increases. Some manufactured products, got the status of luxury item due to their quality, design and better performance as compared to the products, which are said to be the subsitute of the item. More importantly, due to an increased competition in the market, consumers are less(prenominal) brand loyal and would switch to another brand easily. To retain customers, it becomes essential that the luxury item should maintain and improve the functionality, features and style, with increased durability and performance. Luxury goods tend to play a vital role of status symbol as these goods identified the purchasing power o f people who own them. These goods are not needfully

Whole Food in Texas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whole Food in Texas - Essay ExampleHis acquisition outline regarding independent small food stores and groceries helped him to uplift the company to be the nations one of the largest health food stores. The company aimed not exclusively at the product quality but also the betterment of the employees, customers, shareholders, and the environment. They more often than not focused on social service activities such as sponsorship of several charitable foundations, and low interest loan program for local farmers in profit with the economic development operations. In order to meet the customer satisfaction, the firm expanded its prepared food section and added a restaurant area it influenced the customers to overlook more. The company had given comparatively good salary and incentives to the employees considering them as team members rather than employees. That was the real secret behind the success of the company. The CEO received only $1 per year in salary whereas the company execut ives were earning 19 times the average annual salary of full time team members. It shows his higher solicitude toward the success of the company. Wild Oats Markets is a Colorado based food company founded by Gilliland Elizabeth Cook in 1987. The companys main growth strategy was new store developments and acquisitions. By this concept, they could acquire ranges of business ventures such as natural food stores and farmers markets.

Differentiating Between Services and Goods Marketing Essay

Differentiating Between Services and Goods Marketing - Essay Exampletics of services, to wit (1) intangible, (2) inseparability in cost of speech and consumption, (3) nonuniform in kind, and (4) perishable as it cannot be saved, stored, or returned. Having delineated services, goods naturally are services antithesis, meaning, they are tangible, are distinctly separate in kind, and can be stored, saved, and returned as needed.The intangibility of services simply describes their quality of not being able to touch and thus cannot be evaluated in terms of its physical availability prior to purchase. Services are inseparable that the organization offering it needs the assistance of a customer representative as get together to provide explanation and detailed information on the offered service. Likewise, the characteristic of inseparability takes into account its inability to cater to the specific needs of the customer.Services are also considered heterogeneous in kind since they are hi ghly variable with dissimilar parts or elements. Finally, the perishability characteristic of services implies that they can not be stored, saved, or returned.The abstain pace of technological developments in the last century drastically influenced diverse facets of customer service. With the predominance of business organizations using the internet, more organizations have resorted to a wide awake workforce where customers needs are being serviced by electronic means. As technological improvements continue, more service features are offered through the internet, through virtual teams, teleconferencing, and the like.The benefits of engineering are unlimited time to access service providers regardless of location of the customers, queuing time is eliminated, more secure in terms of doing business at the doojigger of ones home.On the other hand, technology has totally eradicated the concept of direct reciprocity in soliciting immediate response to inquiries and transactions. Also t he element of differences in time across the globe could delay

Biology Notes Essay Example for Free

Biology Notes EssayChromosomes They ar found inside the nucleus of cellular phones. They ar X Shaped Objects that Contain DNA. distributively Chromosome is make from two Chromatids. Chromosomes be held together by a disc called a centromere. Chromosomes are eternally found in Pairs.A TG CC GDNA It Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA is Made from Nucleic acids of ten (referred to as bases). The four bases are Adenine (A) which always pairs with Thymine (T) and Cytosine (C) which always pairs with Guanine (G). T CA GT GRIGHT WRONGGenes A gene is the picayune length of the chromosome which is a molecule of a DNA. Genes offer exist in Different Versions. Different Versions of the same gene are known as ALLELES. Each gene codes for a specific Protein. Some proteins are Structural, meaning they faeces form skin, hair, blood and cytoplasm. Others are Functional (enzymes) controlling chemical reactions such as respiration or digestion. Genetic Information is stored by Genes wh o are arranged on Chromosomes. Variation This is the Difference between tender-hearteds. in that respect are two types of variation. The number 1 is Genetic Variation (Caused by your Genes and batcht be changed e.g. your natural hair colour, eye colour).The Second is Environmental Variation (Caused by your surrounding and can be changed e.g. Dying your Hair, Ear Piercings). Genetic Variation Caused by the DNA in the cells in your eubstance. We Cant Change this. Environmental Variation Caused by your Surroundings, Family and Friends. We can Change this. Determining Your Gender A Sperm Cell has an X chromosome and a Y chromosome. An Egg Cell has two X Chromosomes. If the fertilised clod has a X Chromosome from the sperm the Foetus will be a Girl if it has a Y Chromosome (the Chromosome shooting Testosterone) the Foetus will Be a Boy. There is a 5050 Chance of Having a Boy or a Girl. Further Gender DeterminationChromosome pair 23 is known as the Sex Chromosomes. There are two D ifferent types of of Chromosome 23 The X and Y chromosome. The only Difference is that the Y chromosome carries the gene for testosterone, X does not. All Cells carry at least one X Chromosome. Sperm Cells carry either a Y or X chromosome. Allele A different translation of the same gene.Heterozygous When There are two types of an allele in the genotype e.g. Bb Brown. Homozygous When there is only one type of Allele in the genotype e.g. BB(-Brown) or bb(-Blonde). B = Dominant Always Expressed, b = Recessive only expressed in a Homozygous genotype. Natural Cloning* The ophidian (Plant) Shows Budding * Asexual Reproduction The Spider Plant and Strawberries often reproduce this way. Twins They are formed by the fertilised egg splitting in half(prenominal) and the two halves turn into to two identical babies. drippy CloningFor many forms, mammals have been cloned by splitting embryos Artificial Cloning. There are two types of Artificial Cloning Cloning Way 11. They take an egg cell from one mammal.2. A Body Cell is taken from a second mammal (the same mammal as the first)3. The egg cell nucleus is removed from the cell4. The body cell nucleus is also removed5. The Nucleus from the body cell is inserted into the egg cell to make a clone of the Second Mammal. 6. The egg cell divides and is put into the uterus of the first Mammal. The Clone grows into a bestride mammal. Cloning Way 2It isnt just Reproductive Cloning (Cloning People/mammals) we could use this technology for. Cloning human cells may be helpful in treating humans.Reproductive Cloning When a baby is born from cloningStem CellsA stem cell is an undifferentiated cell which means they can turn into any type of cell required. They can therefore be used to make organs. They Can be used to replace damaged cells. inherit distempersCystic Fibrosis* 1 in 200 Children are modify by Cystic Fibrosis.* Is an Inherited disease* They produce thick sticky mucus. This can cloture the air passages and the tubes that carry digestive juices to the gut.* The Child has trouble breathing and absorbing food.* Patients are treated by chest physio-therapy.* The Mucus is a good breed ground for germs.* Sufferers often get contagious diseases and have to be treated with strong antibiotic drugs. At the moment there is no cure. * Cystic fibrosis is caused by a recessionary Allele(c) So to contract the disease a person must have two recessive alleles (cc). * Heterozygous people (Cc) do not get the disease but can act as carriers and pass it on to their children. * The disease is shown from Birth.* It affects the lungs and gut.Huntingtons Disease* This is a rare inherited disease.* It affects about 1 in 20,000* It shows up when the tolerant is about 30 40 years old.* The cells of the brain degenerate and the patient makes clumsy and jerky movements.* The meeters become moody and depressed.* The memory is affected and they eventually become totally disabled. * Huntingtons disease is ca used by a dominant gene so only one allele is needed to will the disease. * So all heterozygous people are sufferers because the onset of the disease occurs so late many people have produced a family before they reckon out they have the condition. * The Organ Effected is the Brain. bacterium cellBacteria are known as micro-organisms. Many of these cause disease. Those that cause disease are called Pathogens. Other micro-organisms include Protozoans, Fungi and Viruses. Micro Organisms reproduce quickly in warm, damp places. Once inside a host of Pathogens reproduce and cause Infection.How Pathogens can enter our Body* Nat Bites/ Being Bitten* Eating* Touch* Sexually Transmitted* Bugs* Dogs/ Animals* Breathing it in* Birds* Injections* Cuts* Natural Openings* Blood Transplants* Organ TransplantsThings that protect our Body from Pathogens* Eyebrows/ Eyelashes* Cilia* acidic* Mucus* Tears* Skin* White Blood Cells* Healing over cutsGaining ImmunityExample1) James is Infected by some bacteria that causes a disease 2) The bacteria reproduce and James gets ill. 3) One of James white blood cells detect the bacteria. It makes anti bodies to destroy the bacteria. 4) The white blood cells reproduce. Now there are lots of them making Anti-bodies. 5) The bacteria are all killed. James gets split up.6) Most of the white blood cells that make the antibodies die, but a few of them endure in the blood. 7) James is infected with the same bacteria again. 8) The white blood cells to make the antibody are still in James Blood. So this time they are ready to kill the bacteria very quickly. 9) The bacteria are killed before they can make James ill. He is Immune to this disease. Anti-body = A Chemical made by White blood cells which takes to Antigen. Antigen = A stain on the surface of a Pathogen that identifies it as foreign. Pathogen = A micro-organism which causes Disease.White Blood Cells* Produce Anti-bodies to neutralise the hemipteran* They eat the microbe* They produc e anti-toxins to neutralise the poisons produced by microbes.Producing Anti-bodies1. A White Blood cell detects a pathogen.2. A White Blood cell produces Anti-bodies.3. The anti-bodies bind with Antigens.4. The Pathogen is engulfed by the White Blood Cell.Natural ImmunityThis is when Anti-bodies are produced by a Person when needed or they are passed on by a mother during Pregnancy.Artificial ImmunityA Vaccine with dead Microbes is injected the body is tricked into producing anti-bodies ready for the real thing. This is called Passive Immunisation. We should use the new influenza vaccines every year because influenza reproduces very quickly. overly it has a high mutation rate, which means that it changes so you need to continually be protected by Influenza. Especially if you suffer from other illnesses, because you would be at risk the most. Also the antigens would have changed shape.Vaccinations PolicyBenefits Wont spread through a large population is a benefit. Also if a woman has a vaccination then falls pregnant she passes the antibodies onto the child. A vaccine Policy is a decision made by the brass to vaccinate a large amount of people. This usually only works if the majority of people agree to it.AntibioticsImmunity/ Immune When your body has already met a Pathogen once and therefore cannot make you ill again Antibody These attach to pathogens and Stick the together. Vaccine/ Vaccination An inactive or dead version of a pathogen is introduced into the body. Antigen The marker on a Pathogen that a White Blood Cell can recognise. White Blood cells a Cell that produces Antibodies.Antibiotics* You take them and they kill the bacteria and it makes you better* You have to take them continually* They take a while to settle in* They kill infections* They are produced by Bacteria and Fungi* Are do drugss that are effective at killing Bacteria and Fungi* Antibiotics do not seriously damage body cells* Antibiotics are derived from micro-organisms* Penicillin comes from bread mould and was the first antibiotic discovered.* However they have limited use and have no effect on viruses.Antibiotics and SuperbugsAntibiotics are used to kill Bacteria and Fungi in an infection in the body. The chemicals are made from Fungi and Bacteria. Antibiotics are Drugs that kill Bacteria and Fungi without harming body cells. These drugs do not affect viruses. A Superbug Bacteria is a fluctuation to a Normal Bacteria. It is resistant to normal Antibiotics.How could we help Reduce Superbugs?HospitalsHospitals can make sure that they treat people with the Superbug right on tostop it from spreading. Keep the Hospital Clean. Inject staff to Stop it Spreading, and to make them Immune. GPInject people more Often and Give out Leaflets.Drug CompaniesMake a more effective drug and make a vaccine.The PublicAllow people to inject them and make them immune.Antibiotic ResistanceStages1. The cell starts to replicate the DNA2. The cell has had the DNA Replicate. So ther efore the cell has elongated.3. The Cell has started budding.4. Binary Fission has taken place and the cell has cloned itself.A Mutation is a change in the bases that make up DNA. These changes can cause a change in a gene. This can change a Protein and frankincense affect the Characteristics of an Organism.Drug TrialsIt is important to do strict test on drugs to distinguish that they are safe for use, do what they are supposed to do and to check the side effects. Drugs are tested on human cells that have been developed in a laboratory (The drug is tested on different body cells), then it is tested on animals (to see whether it works as well on whole animals as on the cells) before it is used on human patients(these are tested on volunteers).The three drug trials are Double blind(both doctor and patient do not know the drug is new), Blind trial(only the patient does not know the drug is true but the doctor does), and Open trial(both doctor and patient know the drug is new). A place bo is when a doctor gives a patient something that does not contain Drugs. A Placebo is used in blind trials.

Strategic management Essay Example for Free

Strategic management EssayManagement In business there are certain things that should be through with(p) and there are things that must be done if the business wants to continue. The primary purpose of a business is to make a profit and stay profitable. At the beginning of chapter three of Concepts in Strategic Management and Business Policy Achieving Sustainability, there is a story about how General mill took it upon itself to clean up an area that was near to its headquarters and that had become quite a dangerous place (Wheelen amp Hunger, p. 0,2010). General mill about spent millions of dollars tearing down grey-haired drug ho practices and fostering the community afford housing with grants, the question is why did they do it? General Mills certainly was not required to spend that silver the way it was spent. There was not any government agency forcing them to help the community. It seems that General Mills helped the community because of goodwill, it whitethorn be that the philanthropic actions that General Mills takes helps the management feel good about themselves.Whatever the reasoning for beginning to support poorer communities, it could be said that any person helped by General Mills will be a General Mills customer for a long time to come. Even telling their friends and neighbors about how General Mills help them or their community, thus spreading the reputation of the company. According to Milton Friedman, any company that spends property on the community is doing so under the persuasion or scene of its shareholders.Friedman also concludes that by spending that money on the community rather than using it to cut costs or to develop new products that they organization may be doing more harm than good to its long-term efficiency (Wheelen amp Hunger, p. 72,2010). The arguments for these points of view make sense, by donating to the community an organization fosters goodwill with the people and hobo occasion customer loyalty. On the other ha nd by saving that money and creating higher quality products at lower prices, a company an create the same loyalty from its customers. There is the argument that a person who receives assistance on a regular basis will become dependent on that assistance and expect it. It seems that ethics and social responsibility do play a role in strategic planning if only(prenominal) for the reason that it is judge of large organizations. Even some small organizations donate to the community albeit on a smaller scale, Bolt and Nut Supply Co. in Ogden donates product for shoot Scout projects two to three times a year.Whether or not the charity and donations ultimately lead to the loss of efficiency is difficult to quantify, however, it seems that the larger a company gets the more it is expected to contribute. Monsanto is a company that has been deemed the least ethical company in the world (The 12 Least Ethical Companies In The demesne Covalences Ranking,2013). Monsanto started out as a chem ical company and has transformed itself into an agricultural giant, creating genetically Modified seeds for farmers.Monsanto has been allowed to patent it genetically modified seeds making it possible to use lawsuits to protect those patents. Monsanto representatives have been seeking out farmers for years with threats to sue them for patent infringement. Monsanto creates seeds which are resistant to its own creation Roundup, so a farmer who purchases Monsanto seeds git safely use Roundup for weed control without harming his crop. Traditionally farmers would collect seeds from their crop for use in the coming season for the next crop.When a farmer buys from Monsanto, he will be required to sign a document stating that he will not collect the seeds for later use, instead he must purchase new seeds from them if he wants to plant the same crop (Monsantos Harvest of Fear,2008). Farmer who have never used Monsanto seeds are not safe, when they collect seeds from the previous crop they may inadvertently be collecting seed from Monsanto crops that have blown over from neighboring farms or that have been deposited by birds.The seeds look the same visually, the only way to tell is by lab testing, if a Monsanto mafia member does a little checking that can pull up the farmer into giving up money just to get them off his case (Monsantos Harvest of Fear,2008). It would appear that a company does not necessarily need to be ethical to be roaring because General Mills and Monsanto seem to be polar opposites on the ethics scale and both are successful. However, Monsanto has a large and growing opposing force in the people whom it has wronged or who think that Monsanto needs to be stopped. If that group gets large enough it could spell the end for Monsanto.

Church Responses to the Sexual Revolution of the 1960s

church building Responses to the Sexual Revolution of the sixtiesHow did the church building of England respond to the chargeual transition of the 1960s?This subject is potentially vast in scope and could easily extend well beyond the structural requirements of this dissertation certain parameters need to be complete initially in that respectfore. It seems the al just virtually appropriate place to begin would be to establish what the Church of Englands traditional views of sexual descents was after this we should examine the sexual variation of the 1960s before going on to discuss oft directly its impact upon the church.At this point we willing look at three of the most vexed, the Churchs views on the home of women in federation and in the clergy,the position of homosexuals, and the churchs views on divorce and remarriage. Finally we will check some of the most significant long term impacts of the sexual revolution and of societies ever-changing attitudes. There ca n be slender inquiry that there is more than disagreement than ever,over the question of the relevance of the Bible and of Christianity for the understanding of human sexuality. As in so m both other areas of Christian practice, the traditional consensus has broken devour and the issue is non fiercely weighd. For many button-down Christians, the Bible remains the touchstone for how men and women are to understand and practice their sexuality and how family action, church life and social life are to be conducted. For many others, however, the Bible has little or no authority as it is so obviously old fashioned andout of visualize that its teachings cannot be relevant, credible or useful in modern society. Yet more find themselves positioned somewhere amidst the two caught between feelings of loyalty to the Bible and what it represents, and on the other a conviction that people in the modern world simply do not or cannot ride the Bible seriously any more, transgressicularl y if interpreted literally, as those in the send-off group would do. Arguably the most exciting recent development in the understand of ahead of time Christianity has been the weakening of the traditional departmental divisions between secular and ecclesiastical historiography. As soon as traditional historians started to turn away from exclusively analyze military and political history, towards the probe of social history then, Christian texts became such a rich source of evidence that they could no longer be ignored. Since the enlightenment, a question mark has been placed against the Christian heritage scholars who turn their attention to archaeozoic Christianity sometimes feel as thought hey are touching a raw nerve and can become tempted to overlay his own prejudices on the subject,instead of maintaining academic distance. In no area is this more true than in the study of sexuality our attitude towards our own sexual natures and the moral and ethical problems it gives rise to. The extremely demanding and authoritarian teachings of the church on the subject of marriage, and the concomitant issue of sexual practice outback(a) of marriage, is a significant part of our Christian heritage that is still very potent today til now amongst people and communities that outwardly eradicate it. It is this that provokes denunciation from the moodlist and the secular historian a same(p) Edward Gibbon is perfect eccentric of this The Enumeration on the whimsical laws, which they most circumstantially imposed on the marriage bed, would force as mile from the young, and a blush from the fair. In both his attitude and his tone, Gibbon has influenced many more recent historians. Robin driveway Fox, for example, devoted the greater part of chapter of his work Pagans and Christians, to earliest on Christian sexual morality with afullness and relish that almost make up for a total neglect of sympathy. He describes virginity, for example, as nothing further t he most selfish of human ideals. Wolfgang Leech, following on from the work of Gibbon, is overly highly exact stating that asceticism and intolerance are the two main contributions that Christianity has made to European culture. It is upon this background that the work of Peter Brown has emerged.His essays on early Christian monasticism and his The personate and Society on sexual renunciation in the early church, takes on its full significance. Brown is also one of the aforementioned secular historians that posses no own(prenominal) loyalty of affiliation to the Christian Church, who will increasely dominate the study of the subject in the coming years. Browns approach, however, is significantly more large-minded than that of Gibbon and his successors. He is not dominated by the moral absolutes of the enlightenment with its,often open, hostility to traditional Christian morality. For brown,history can be broken down into individuals who had the strength to make free choices and exercise free will whilst having a complete understanding of the consequences of their actions. For Brown, the Kernel of traditional Christian sexual morality was the concern with single-mindedness, or purity of heart a reorientation of an individuals will so that it would cease to serve the warring impulses of man, and respond, instead, to the will of God. Brown goes on to note that it is ruggedly surprise that the ideal of purity of heart and of virginity became quickly inseparable, and that the leadership of Christian communities became the purview of a small,celibate, religious elite. These suggestions of early Christian discipline whitethorn suggest repentant system that would cede been more dominant and dictatorial than the early Church ever actually developed. The rules of early Christian communities with their broad ranging and unbending condemnation of adultery, adultery and homosexuality, appears to leave little room for flexibility. This inflexibility of the ru les can only turn over had the effect that they could often simply not be applied. In any treatment of the position of the Church on any matter, the writings of the New Testament can not be ignored. Our Lords own celibate express is explicit in the Gospels, and is an un-remarked corollary or his prophetic role. Sexual morality receives distinctive and no-nonsense treatment in the dominical forbidding of divorce and the Pauline encouragement of virginity. The issue remains subordinate one, however, until a century later but what was the origin of this concern with sexual purity that so came to lineamentise Christianity in universal and the pre sexual revolution Church of England? The most common answer to this puzzle is to place the blame squarely upon the shoulders of out cheek influences, largely from Hellenism. It is likely that the very for the first time Christians had a thoroughly positive attitude towards sex and marriage, the replacement of this position by somethi ng diametrically opposed to it has to have been as a result of outside influence specifically the dualism of Platonism with disintegration of the body and bodily pleasures. On this point, Brown notes I have frequently observed that the sharp and dangerous odour of many Christian notions of sexual renunciation, both in their personal and their social consequences, have been rendered tame and insipid, through being explained away as no more than inert borrowings from a supposed pagan or Jewish background. To ascribe whatever any wedded(p) individual dislikes in the historical position of Christianity to outside influences, is so obviously tendentious device for preserving the truth and distinctiveness of Christianity, that it hardly requires and refutation by the historian.The contrast between the sexually positive attitude of early Christian sand the bleak otherworldly Platonists is no less crude, foolish and absurd than the polar and once popular foe the contrast between aceti c and sexual pleasure hating Christians and the pleasure lovingpagans. It is of considerable interest, as the attitudes seem to haveremained relatively unchanged in the Church of England and the wider Church, to enquire into the attitudes towards sexuality and marriage in the Churches most successful early missions. The surviving source material relates to the aristocracy. The task of attempting to discern the attitudes of the masses on any subject is difficult, but necessary.We must eer be aware of the potential for crude stereotypes between Christian and pagan. Paul Venue argued from epigraphic and literary evidence, however, that the first few centuries of the Christian era saw, not so untold the replacement of Greco-Roman sexual mores objurgate ones as the development within both paganism and Christianity of what he calls the bourgeois notion of marriage wit hits strict attempt upon fidelity. The reality, as Price notes, is that it is vain to seek to compare the values and a ttitudes of theaverage pagan with the average Christian. The sexual discourse of early Christian writers differed from those of pagans to an bound in the early period. The ethics of telethons and Stoics alike laid stress upon self- conquer and upon the rational use of the mind on the dominance of the intellect over the will and , of course, of the subjugation of impulses and physical emotions. In general, however, the discourse of the philosophers on matters of sexuality was limited. We cannot, however, argue that pagans of the period had a remarkably relaxed attitude to the whole subjectthis would be to misunderstand the distinctive character of the philosophical discourse of the time. This tended to concentrate so heavily upon the good of the soul that the needs of the body were neglected. The distinctive sexual discourse of early Christianity has its origins, in large part, in the second century and thus post dates the New Testament. It would be a major mistake, however, to think that the debate occurred outside of the scriptures a close reading of the letters of St. Paul show that the issue and thus Christian and eventually Church of England attitudes, were fed by a range of scriptural themes. The strengthening of the institution of marriage was also a central tenet of the early Church, as well as of Christianity and indeed of the Church of England today however, the stress early writers placed upon virginity precluded a positive promotion of marriage. But in society,both ancient and modern, where marriage was firmly the norm, the institution could not have been negatively moved(p) by the advocacy of celibacy, however enthusiastically argued. Christian writers and thinkers, then and now, have been keen to uphold monogynous marriage in the face of excesses in the opposite direction, i.e. sexual indulgence and promiscuity. The early Church, then, evidently laid a heavy emphasis upon sexual abstinence and purity of heart. The rules on these matter s were unbending, although perhaps, in reality, not always obeyed. Adultery,fornication and homosexuality were expressly forbidden. Given the nature of the question, however, it seems appropriate to now turn our attention more specifically to the Church of England, and its traditional views on sexuality. The traditional views of the Church of England are hardly different from those highlighted above, although hey have come under fire and indeed under review in recent years. In 2003 the House of Bishopspublished a guide to some aspects of the debate on human sexuality.The delineate was commissioned three years previous to its publication date and is a weighty tome. The narrative sets out a variety of views of the Church of England on such topics as homosexuality, bisexuality fantasticality, as well as heterosexuality. The report and sought to restate Church of England policy on matters of sexuality whilst promoting reflection upon them. Although these issues will be discussed fur ther later, it is important at this stage to note that the report did not advocate or suggest changes in Current Church policy. Towards the end of the 1960s many people in Britain, particularly women, had come to call up that a sexual revolution was taking place. Angela Carter wrote, in 1969, that the introduction of more or less100 per cent effective methods of birth control, combined with the relaxation of manners that may have derived from this technological innovation or else came from god knows where, changed, well,everything. Rabble, a contemporary of Carter and fellow novelist,argued similarly stating, in the Guardian We face the certainty of asexual revolution. She goes on to claim again that this is linked inseparably with the development of effective methods of contraception.Not all contemporaries of Carter and Rabble believed that a sexual revolution had occurred, however for example Weeks and Lewis have argued that heterosexual sexual doings remained conservative duri ng the late 60s and beyond. The only measurable and record able change occurring in sexual behaviour was the rising incidence of premarital sexual intercourse. On the basis of the ample evidence that the unmarried insisted that they were only having sexual intercourse with their intended spouse, they dismiss the idea of a sexual revolution and claim it was nothing more than the continuation of an existing trend. Indeed, outside of the midway forkes (see below), premarital sexual intercourse had almost for certain been a significant part of the courting ritual, reaching a low point around 1900, when survey records began, but rose back to more frequent levels as the century progressed. During the 1960s, however, with the advent of the birth control pill premarital sexual intercourse became radical sexual behaviour, weighless of the intentions of those participating in it. The sexual revolution of the mid twentieth century appears to have begun in the upper middle classes. This c lass can be characterised or defined by their ambiguous relationship with power. They do not feel as though they are influencing events, but they do enjoy sufficient economic, financial and cultural privileges to create a need to maintain the social system. They were willing participants, therefore,only in a revolution with regard to their private lives. Members of this class can be further characterised as working hard and paying high taxes, but with no chance of moving further up the social ladder described them as being of the ideal class for Marcus although these analyses would have to be differentiated in terms of masculine and feminine to include how female emancipation and revolt have played a part in the sexual revolution. Before they became merged into the middle classes, the aristocracy had a pre-bourgeois morality. Like the bourgeoisie, the urban and rural working classes had never been under the impression that they were in any way in control of their lives this would seem to be particularly relevant to women. For a long time, the working classes seem to have been highly curious of the permissiveness of the liberal morality of the privileged classes. This necessarily brief analysis of the middle classes should give usa basis from which to understand one of the characteristic elements of the sexual revolution the withdrawal from the exterior world into private sphere of family on the one hand and sexual partner(s) on the other. This movement can be seen in the every day life of middle class people nutrition in their homes or flats with their nuclear families,withdrawn into itself. At work, as well as in the daily drudgery of the commute to work, the middle class person (man or woman) of the 1960sand beyond, had hardly any real control over their lives to attempt to repay for this to some degree, by experimenting in his private,family and sexual life. But, in the ever developing consumer society that was coming into existence even in the 1960 s, the experiments were limited and resulted in very little real change. We should now return our attention to the issues of the sexual revolution. As mentioned earlier, the development of the contraceptive pill was a significant contributory factor in the changing moral position, particularly among women but even before the arrival of the pill, increasing use of contraception and new attitudes to sexuality were combining with anxiety about rising illegitimacy figures, to provoke comment from some elements of society on the existence of premarital sex and the denial of contraception to unmarried women. We can also place premarital sexual relationships within the context of other sexual legal action that was occurring outside marriage in the late 1950s.The 1957 report, published by the Wolfed charge on homosexual disrespects and prostitution, recommended that behaviour that took place in private between react adults should be decriminalised but that legal penalties for public d isplays of sexual behaviour should be strengthened. Essentially, although it was never actually illegal,that was the already existing position as regards women and premarital intercourse. Premarital sexual intercourse was carried out in private between consenting adults. The sanctions imposed by the society of the late 50s were severe enough to ensure that it had to be covert and concealed, but it was certainly never illegal. If the women became significant as a result of her sexual activity, the judgemental of society was heavy she would have been, basically, a social outcast. Having the child was also the only outcome of pregnancy as abortion was illegal at the time. Having an illegitimate child was highly stigmatised and something that was avoided at all costs, it was treated almost like having a criminal record. A gang of the almost50,000 illegitimate children born a year at the very beginning of the60s, and the introduction of the birth control pill that removed the most obv ious side effects of promiscuity a new openness was forced upon an unwilling populace, and by the end of the 1960s this had resulted in general public acceptance of the withal private and hidden sexual activity. The Wolfed report, mentioned above, placed a great emphasis upon self control and self restraint important values in the 50s and earlier. With supreme irony, any publicity given to the report, and any public discussion of sexual behaviour that it may have generated were seen as examples of a lack of restraint by many people. Suchmainstream thinking was, however, of decreasing effect by the end of the 50s, increasing numbers of people were discussing such matters and matt-up no stigmatism for doing so. A number of historians have discussed the debates of the time and they need not concern us too greatly herebut what these historians accounts lack is any sense of how the discussion changed throughout the 60s. As the decade wore on, it became increasingly permissible to disc uss sex and sexual behaviour in public. An excellent example of this is given by an examination of the British Medical Associations annual magazine, Family Doctor produced supplement entitled Getting Married. The 1959 stochastic variable of this publication contained two expressions that caused great offence at the time The first by a Dr. Wilmington containing a seemingly lighthearted question are you a bride and are you pregnant too? extension service to the rising rate of pregnancies occurring outside of marriage. The second article, by a Proof. Chess er, suggested that using contraception, like the newly developed pill, successfully removed the problems that arose from sexual activity outside of marriage he wen ton to argue that people should have the right to choose between being chaste and unchaste as long as society doest suffer. Chess erso pinions were strongly disapproved of in many newspapers of the day,for example the Daily Mail, the Daily Express, the People, the Women reflect and the Sunday Graphic. These newspapers had a very considerable combined circulation, and thus very wide reach. The Daily Express alone had a readership of over four jillion in the early 60s.The story was not only taken up by the national press, but by the provincial press too, and also, of course, by the religious newspapers needless to say the coverage was almost universally negative. The publishers, the British Medical Association, withdrew the issue with its offending article from circulation after only 2 days.The article was later reprinted twice, first of all in the New Statesman and then by Chess er himself. Even after republishing the article, Chess er himself evidently matte compelled to note that he wa snot condoning or advocating promiscuity or premarital sexual activityeven in the early 60s a medical professional could not openly argue for such things. An excellent indication of the sexual morals of the time is given by an incident in 1960. Penguin Books we re prosecuted under the Obscene Publications Act for the first full and unabridged version of Lancaster Lover by D. H. Lawrence. The prosecution ultimately failed but Ralph, who later edited a transcript of the trial, later wrote that quite quickly the prosecution became about the promiscuous and adulterous behaviour of the eponymous character. Ralph reported that bakers dozen episodes of physical sexual activity wee described in detail in the book using four letter words. The defence succeeded in arguing that, although the sexual relations noted above did occur outside of marriage, Lawrence presented them as pure and holy. The trial received extensive news coverage, and sales of the Penguin edition were suitably boosted. Evidence, such as that presented above from novels and marriage manuals show us that, by 1960, those who were the most forward thinking and sexually progressive in society accepted Lawrencepresentation of sex, even adulterous sex, as justified by love. Along wit h the success of Lawrences novel in the Penguin edition, the Sunday Pictorial serialised a sequel called Lady Chastelys Daughterwhich, because of its popularity, went on to be published as a novel. The idea that sexual relations outside of or marriage could be validated by love was not a new one however, the idea that the presentation of the suggestion that new and different approaches to sex should not be vilified in the national news media, was new. Briggs comments that what distinguished the decade of the early 60sfrom others in the history of broadcasting was that the BBC as an institution- with Hugh Greene as its coach General -considered it necessary to align itself with change. An example of this can be found in the BBCs annual Rebirth Lectures series of 1962 in this year the lectures were given by Professor G. M. Car stairs, a psychiatrist and academic, he was asked to present a series of lectures on the subject of the state of the nation, in the light of changes, which h ave come about in the community and private life since the beginning of the century. The most notable lecture for an understanding of the BBCs role in changing sexual morality was the third Corsairs that pre-marital licence has been found to be quite compatible with stable married life. The BBC had a very wide audience, although largely middle class, the press coverage that this produced reached a much wider audience. Mary White house initially began her crusade of opposition to changing sexual morals as a result of this new direction from the BBC. The changes in the attitude of the BBC, and of society in general,did not escape the attentions of the Church of England. Some controversial Anglican theologians, such as the Bishop of Woodlice,revealed that the newly developing sexual standards and beliefs were being seriously debated within the Church of England. In 1963 he wrotenothing can of itself be labeled wrong. champion cannot, for instance,start from the position sex relation s before marriage or divorceare wrong or sinful in themselves. They may be in 99 cases or even 100cases out of 100, but they are not intrinsically so, for they only intrinsic evil is lack of love. The Church of England appears to have had little or no relevance to the sexual revolution that was occurring in the late 50s and early 60s however, the Mass-Observation surveysof the 1940s did indicate that even a nominal adherence to Christianity correlated very closely with larger families and a more restrictive approach to sexual behaviour. It is probably true that the position of and statements from the Church of England reached and were listened to be a greater proportion of the population than is usually thought to be the case. Church of Englands Reaction to the Sexual Revolution. The 60s undoubtedly saw an erosion of moral authority, not just of Christian morality, but also of a consensus based morality, generally seen by the mainstream of society as correct and upheld by society a s aw hole. This was a morality that ensured single women should not obtain contraception without any need to legislate that this should be the case. The redolence affair in 1963 in which he was revealed to have been engaging in sexual intercourse with an escort gave a huge push to the belief in the growing hypocrisy of the establishment and the need for anew morality. Probably the first substantial change in the theoretical construction of the morality of sexuality came in Alex nurtures Sex in Society,first published in 1950 but only achieving success with its republication in 1963. The impact of the book was no doubt aided by the authors appearance on a BBC discussion program defending premarital sex. Several prominent and traditionally conservative Anglican Bishops responded, among them Canon Bentley, to what was becoming known as the new morality. In 1965 Bentley described Comfortviews as follows When your son brings a girlfriend on a visit, will you say to your mother in la w, Do take a tray of lemonade into the garden for Charles and Mary theyAve been playing tennis all day, and next morning inexactly the same tones, Do leave a tray down the passage for Charles and Mary theyAve been playing sex all night? This looks like Dr .Comforts hope because he tells us we ought to know that sex is the healthiest and most important human sport. Comfort probably made a greater contribution to the development of the new debate on sexual morality than anyone had done since Lawrence.The major difference between the two was that Comfort did not accept that love, in the form of a monogamous sexual relationship, legitimised sex. Comfort argued that sex was a physical pleasure, not too dissimilar to eating. He went on to argue that people should indulge as much as they wished, as long as they were considerate of the feeling sand morality of others, and that they took the necessary precautions to ensure no children wee conceived. Canon Bentley responded to this position of Comfort by asking can we actualise these hopes in the1960s? Alas no for the key to realising this ideal is a wholly foolproof form of contraception. plainly the Canon did not see the birth control pill in this light, many others, however, did including Comfort himself. Thus, by even the mid 60s there were debates raging on sexual mores both within the Church of England, and in the general population. These debates whilst in many ways theoretical, presented people with very real choices and possibilities, with regard to how they were to live their lives. One of the major effects of these debates caused in no small way by the Church of England, combined with extensive media coverage of the birth control pill was that, for a great number of young women, the idea of the pill was just as important as its reality. This can be seen by In gram, a journalist and author, who went back in the late 70s to visit with her 11 plus class girls who were in their late teens in the early 60s, a bout growing up in that decade. She describes the publicity given o the pill as our generation was growing up with the knowledge that somewhere out there existed a contraceptive which promised you would be able to get away with it, in the way only men had before. There were, obviously, alternative models to that advocated by the Church of England, and young women were increasingly aware of their choices this is not to say, however, that they would exercise their choices, they may well have agreed with the Churches teachings on the subject. It should be noted that the sample was of grammar schoolgirls, not typical among the population as a whole. As more educated women they were, perhaps quite naturally, aware of their choices and women in this social group wee the first unmarried women to be taking the contraceptive pill. This theory supports the assertion made earlier in this dissertation that the sexual revolution occurred primarily, or at least initially, among the middle classes . The refusal to prescribe the pill to young women such as these, created an issue around which debates on sexuality and sexual morals could conducted. In the early 60s there was increasing awareness, through books,television, plays, newspapers etc. of the distress and depression that unwanted pregnancy generally has on women. It was believed that unmarried mothers had personality problems or character disorders and were treated accordingly. Adoption caused many women, then and now,lasting grief and was thus not desirable from the point of view of the mother. Illegal abortions became increasingly popular, with women attempting to self terminate with increasing frequency to avoid the social stigma attached to being an unmarried mother. The only acceptable response to becoming pregnant whilst unmarried was to marry as soon as possible, certainly before the child was born. This would certainly have been the wish of the Church and indeed of mainstream society too. Many such marriages simply did not last however. The Rise of Feminist Theology and the Church of Englands Reaction. It is impossible to separate Christian theology from the social aspects of the Church of England in the era in which the theology is produced. It should also be recognised that while the Bible will always be the final and permanent authority within the Church of Englandtheology, like the very Church itself, is in constant need of reform and renewal the sexual revolution was such an era of reform,particularly with regards to the role of women in society and in the Church. The Churchs teachings on the relationship between men and women could be argued to have historically owed more to the social nature of the Church, rather than to any scriptural references. Many observers have noted that traditionally, the Church of England has taught equation of the souls in the afterlife, but inequality of the sexes in this world,and certainly within the church. Throughout almost all of its history, the Church of England has been a patriarchal institution based upon defining the male as superior to the female. Through its sexually distinguished doctrine of man the church has, for centuries legitimised laws and structures in society which secured male rule and demanded female subservience and obedience. Within the Church of England, however, there have been an increasing number of women and men who have discovered the seeds of equality within the pages of the Bible and have come to believe in the equality of the positions of women and men as being intrinsic to the Bible.Many Christian women had, until relatively recently, felt a discrepancy between the gospel from which they drew strength and inspiration and the church which severely restricted their life and prevented then from joining the ministry. Feminist theology, therefore, has essentially existed as long as there have been women who have drawn their faith from the Bible in ways that were counter cultural to the prevaili ng attitudes of Church of England. Modern feminist theology did not begin within the Church of England,but in the USA at the end of the 1960s. It has its roots, primarily in the experiences of Christian women living under the pressure of ideology and structures, claimed by the patriarchal leaders of the church to be the eternal will of god as seen in the gospels. This modern feminist movement has created a far better c